Definition 1
A SERIES OF STEPS LINKING A MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, OR ELECTRICAL STIMULUS TO A SPECIFIC CELLULAR RESPONSE.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY
A SMALL, NON-PROTEIN WATER SOLUABLE MOLECULE OR ION, SUCH AS CALCIUM ION OR cAMP, THAT RELAYS A SIGNAL TO A CELL'S INTERIOR IN RESPONSE TO A SIGNAL
SECOND MESSENGERS
NEARLY ANY IMAGINABLE CELL ACTIVITY, THOUGH OFTEN THE EXPRESSION OF A GENE, TRIGGERED BY THE RECEPTION AND TRANSDUCTION OF A SIGNAL
RESPONSE
A PROTEIN IS INACTIVE WITH THIS NUCLEOTIDE
GDP
WHEN THE MEMBRANE MALFUNCTIONS AND FORMS AIR POCKETS THROUGHOUT (CALLED BLEBS)
BLEBBING
A GTP-BINDING PROTEIN THAT RELAYS SIGNALS FROM A G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR TO OTHER SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PROTEINS INSIDE THE CELL
G PROTEIN
A SERIES OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES IN A PATHWAY ARE PHOSPHORYLATED IN TURN, EACH MOLECULE ADDING A PHOSPHATE GROUP TO THE NEXT ONE IN LINE
PHOSPHORYLATION CASCADE
THE STRENGTHENING OF A STIMULUS DURING TRANSDUCTION
AMPLIFICATION
CONVERT INTO REACTIVE FORM
ACTIVATED
THE DEATH OF CELLS
APOPTOSIS
A MOLECULE THAT BINDS SPECIFICALLY TO ANOTHER MOLECULE, USUALLY A LARGER ONE
LIGAND
REFERRING TO A SECRETED MOLECULE THAT ACTS ON A NEIGHBORING CELL
PARACRINE SIGNALING
THE CONVERSION OF A SIGNAL FROM OUTSIDE THE CELL TO A FORM THAT CAN BRING ABOUT A SPECIFIC CELLULAR RESPONSE
TRANSDUCTION
WHEN A PHOSPHATE GROUP ATTACHES; DETERMINES ACTIVITY OF THE PROTEINS
PHOSPHORYLATION
LOCATED INSIDE THE CELL MEMBRANE AND USED BY HORMONES AND STEROIDS
INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR
An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phoshorylating the protein.
Protein Kinase
ONE OF THE MANY TYPES OF SECRETED CHEMICALS THAT ARE FORMED IN SPECIALIZED CELLS, TRAVEL IN BODY FLUIDS, AND ACT ON SPECIFIC TARGET CELLS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY, CHANGING TH TARGET CELL'S FUNCTIONING. USED IN LONG DISTANCE SIGNALING
HORMONE
THE PROCESS OF REMOVING A PHOSPHATE GROUP FROM A MOLECULE (USUALLY A PROTEIN) THUS DEACTIVATING IT
DEPHOSPHORYLATION
RELAY PROTEIN
RECEIVE AND TRANSMIT SIGNALS FROM THE ENVIRONMENT, AND DOUBLE AS AN ENZYME
RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
-ENZYMES THAT RAPIDLY MOVE PHOSPHATE GROUPS FROM PROTEINS, IN A PROCESS CALLED DEPHOSPHORYLATION
-A TARGET CELL'S DETECTION OF A SIGNAL VIA BINDING OF A SIGNALING MOLECULE, OR LIGAND
PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES
RECEPTION
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
-A TYPE OF LARGE RELAY PROTEIN TO WHICH SEVERAL OTHER RELAY PROTEINS ARE SIMUTANEOUSLY ATTACHED, INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
-THE ABILITY TO DETECT AND RESPOND TO CELL POPULATION DENSITY BY GENE REGULATION
SCAFFOLDING PROTEINS
QUORUM SENSING
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
-A SIGNAL RECEPTOR PROTEIN IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE THAT RESPONDS TO THE BINDING OF A SIGNALING MOLECULE BY ACTIVATING A G-PROTEIN
-ONE OF THE BUILDING BLOCKS NEEDED FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF RNA DURING TRANSCRIPTION
G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR
GTP
A GROUP OF TRANSMEMBRANE ION-CHANNEL PROTEINS THAT OPEN TO ALLOW IONS IN AND OUT OF THE MEMBRANE
LIGAND-GATED ION CHANNEL
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
-A SECOND MESSENGER USED TO TRANSFER A CHEMICAL SIGNAL RECEIVED BY THE CELL, DIFFUSING TO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUUM
-A SECOND MESSENGER THAT ACTIVATES PROTEIN KINASE C, IN TURN ACTIVATING PROTEINS INSIDE THE CELL
INOSITOL TRIPHOSPHATE (IP3)
DIACYLGLYCEROL (DAG)