Cell cycle basics
This phase of the cell cycle is when the cell grows and performs normal functions.
What is Interphase?
During this stage, cohesin proteins are cleaved and sister chromatids separate.
What is Anaphase?
In this stage, crossing over occurs.
What is prophase of meiosis I?
Structures that hold sister chromatids together until anaphase.
What are centromeres?
A genotype containing two different alleles is described as this.
What is heterozygous?
During this stage, DNA is replicated.
What is S phase?
The phase immediately following mitosis.
What is cytokinesis?
This number of daughter cells is typically produced from one cell after meiosis I & II.
What is four?
Protein structures that attach chromosomes to spindle fibers.
What are kinetochores?
A cross between an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual is called this.
What is a testcross?
The three stages that make up interphase are...
What is G1, S phase, and G2?
These protein fibers attach to chromosomes and move them during cell division.
What are spindle fibers?
The product of crossing over.
What is recombinant chromosomes?
One major advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is this.
What is increased genetic variation?
Two heterozygous parents (Aa × Aa) produce offspring. The probability of a homozygous recessive offspring is this.
What is 25%?
Cells exit the cell cycle and enter this resting phase when they are not dividing.
What is G0?
A human cell entering mitosis contains this many chromosomes and chromatids.
What are 46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids?
These separate during anaphase II.
What are sister chromatids?
The enzyme that prevents chromosome shortening in stem cells and cancer cells.
What is telomerase?
Mendel's law stating that allele pairs separate during gamete formation.
What is the law of segregation?
A cell has severe DNA damage but continues dividing because it cannot activate p21 expression. Researchers determine the checkpoint sensor remains functional. Which protein is most likely mutated?
What is p53?
Failure of spindle fibers to attach properly to kinetochores activates this checkpoint.
What is the spindle assembly checkpoint (M checkpoint)?
A species has 2n = 16. A cell in Anaphase II would temporarily contain this many chromosomes.
What is 16 chromosomes?
A student claims chromosome number doubles during S phase. Why is the student incorrect?
What is chromosome number stays the same while DNA content (chromatids) doubles?
In snapdragons, flower color exhibits incomplete dominance. Red flowers have genotype RR, white flowers have genotype WW, and pink flowers have genotype RW. If two pink-flowered plants are crossed, what phenotypic ratio is expected among their offspring?
What is 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white?