During Mitosis, at which part of the cell cycle is known to be the most radiosensitive?
G1 into early S-phase
100
At what stage of the cell cycle can radiation damage affect the chromosomes?
Metaphase
100
What are the primary factors that will occur if a macromolecule is irradiated in vitro?
Main chain scission
Cross-linking
Point lesion
100
Initial ionization incident takes place on a distant noncritical molecule, which then transfers its energy to another molecule. What interaction is taking place?
The indirect effect
100
What type of chromosomal aberration will only occur during x-rays?
Single-hit Aberration
200
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase are all stages of mitosis(cell division). Out of all the mitotic stages, which one is the most radiosensitive?
Metaphase
200
Chromosomes that have been irradiated either by direct or indirect interactions resulting in a hit on the chromosome, is known as...
Chromosomal Aberrations
200
The breakdown of water within a cell is:
Radiolysis
200
What term refers to the enhancement of therapeutic or detrimental effects of ionizing radiation due to the presence of oxygen?
Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)
200
A graphical representation of observed effects compared with radiation dose is termed:
Dose-Response curve
300
When are cells classified as being the most radioresistant to radiation during mitosis?
G1 to late S-phase
300
In x-ray, what type of Chromosome Aberration will only take place?
Single-hit
300
What are macromolecules?
DNA
RNA
Protein
Enzymes
300
As a result of irradiation on a macromolecule,the thread or backbone of a long-chain molecule is broken, resulting in numerous smaller molecules, what primary effect is taking place
Main-Chain scission
300
Which graph will show the relationship between radiation dose and observed response, in which any doses may have a potential effect, and there is a direct relationship between dose and effect
Linear dose-response curve
400
During interphase death, the cell will die before or after cell division/mitosis?
Highly mitotic cells will demonstrate cell death before mitosis
400
What are the 3 factors that affect cell response to radiation.
LET
RBE
OER
400
If the indirect effect takes place within the cell, what part of the cell has been irradiated?
Water/Cytoplasm
400
After being irradiated, some macromolecules will develop spur like extensions off the main-chain. These spurs can act as if they had a sticky connection to another macromolecule. What affect is taking place?
Cross-linking
400
The term used to describe that any radiation dose can and will produce an effect at any given time.
Nonthreshold
500
The process of cell division of somatic cells is known as:
Mitosis
500
Free radical
What is an uncharged molecule that contains a single unpaired electron in its outermost shell, making it chemically unstable and highly reactive.
500
Irradiating macromolecules can result in disturbance of single chemical bonds, creating lesions. As a result of radiation, cellular damage has taken place. What primary effect has just taken place on the macromolecule?
Point Lesion
500
What primary effect on the macromolecule is taking place when cellular radiation damage occurs, resulting in the onset of late effects from radiation at the whole body level.
Point Lesion
500
The portion of the curve (on the dose graph) where in increase in dose shows no or little increase in effect it named: