MSLOW1
well differentiated, grows by expansion, usually encapsulated, slow growth, no metastasis, usually localized with no general effects, no tissue destruction and doesn’t usually cause death
BENIGN
well differentiated
grade 1
T1-T4 determines what?
Tumor, higher the number bigger the tumor.
Goal is to cure or control. External Beam Radiation Therapy (most common), do not remove markers
what is radiation
what is the most important risk factor for cancer overall?
Age
poorly differentiated or undifferentiated, grows at periphery and sends out processes that destroys surrounding tissue, faster growth, metastasizes in blood and lymphatic systems, often causes anemia, weakness, weight loss, and other general effects, often causes tissue damage and cell damage, usually
MALIGNANT
poorly differentiated
grade 3
N1-N3 stands for what
Lymph Nodes: Normal-severe. Has the tumor got into the lymph nodes, has it a little, or is it bad?
Goal is to eradicate as much as possible and it is NOT to control it. Do not give in peripheral IV because because it is a vesicant.
Chemotherapy
Type of surgery that prevents cancer is
Prophylactic: positive for BRCA gene (remove breasts as preventative)
What is agents that initiate/promote cellular transformation AND tell the 4 stages of carcinogenesis
1) CARCINOGEN 2)Carcinogenesis: initiation- exposure alters DNA, promotion-co-carcinogens, progression- cells exhibit increasingly malignant behavior. angiogenesis is the result of this, development of new blood vessels in the tumor, so taking nutrients to supply the tumor
nearly anaplastic
grade 4
M0-M1 stands for what?
Metastasis- has it spread or has it not? 0-no 1-has
These specifically target receptors, proteins, and communication pathways. What symptom's will you have?
Target therapies. Alopecia and stomatitis (inflammation of the GI tract, mouth ulcers, use magic mouth wash)
Type of surgery to improve quality of life
Palliative
Determine the agents and risk factors of carcinogens (6) explain them
Genetics/familial factors: genetics, shared environments, cultural/lifestyle, mutation in genes, BRCA1 and 2. Hormonal agents: hormones, early menses <12, late menopause >55, nulliparity, delayed childbirth (breast cancer). Dietary factors, fats, ETOH, salt-cured or smoked meats, nitrate food and red processed meats, obesity. Chemical agents: 75% of cancers thought to be related to environment b/c they alter DNA, tobacco. Physical agents: sunlight, radiation, chronic irritation or inflammation, tobacco. Viruses: epstein bar-burkitt lymphoma, HPV. Bacteria: H-pylori due to chronic irritation
moderately differentiated
grade 2
What is the point of TNM staging?
determines the size of a tumor
Most frequently used and basically biopsy's. This determines the type of cancer and if returned. What are the 4 types of biopsy's
What is surgery? 4 types: Sentinel lymph-node biopsy- has it spread to the lymph nodes? Incisional: you would use for a large tumor with an increased risk of seeding. Excisional: small, easily accessible and low risk of seeding. Needle: just getting a sample.
Type of surgery that focuses on breasts/skin graft, body image
Reconstruction
Explain the significance of health education and prevention
-Primary prevention: reduce the risk (vaccines). -Secondary prevention: early detection (screenings and yearly physicals)
What is the point of grading tumor?
where the tumor started (differentiation) (biopsy)
If a tumor is T3, N1 and M0 what does that mean?
Tumor is large, moderatley in the lymph nodes, and has not metastasized.
Stem cell transplant types and what are the 2 outcomes?
allogeneic (donor), autologous (self donating), syngeneic (identical twin donation). 1) Graft vs host tumor effect- this is idea, what you want to happen. Donor cells are attacking the cancer cells. 2) Graft vs host disease- you don't want this to happen, its rejection. Instead of the host cells fighting of the cancer, your body is attacking the host cells (host is the donor)
Type of surgery to remove all of the tumor/cancer
primary