Vocab
This term refers to DNA in its most condensed form
What is a chromosome?
These are the three major checkpoints every eukaryotic cell must go through
What are G1, G2, and the spindle checkpoint?
This term refers to the creation of mature sperm and egg cells
What is gametogenesis?
During this phase, the cell makes a second copy of its DNA instructions
What is synthesis (S) phase?
These proteins are used to help DNA compact on itself
What are histone proteins?
These structures have the same genes in the same order and always come in pairs
What are homologous chromosomes?
This term refers to the process of programmed cell death
What is apoptosis?
These are formed when a certain length of DNA wrap around spherical histone proteins
What are nucleosomes?
This system is responsible for controlling cellular checkpoints
What is the immune system?
The immune system does the majority of its work during this time
What is 'during sleep?'
Briefly define asexual reproduction
What is 'the process or reproducing a cell or organism that only requires genetic information from one individual?'
List the three major things that occur during prophase, prophase I, and phrophase II
What are 1) nuclear envelope(s) dissolves, 2) chromatin condenses into some type of chromosome, and 3) spindle apparatus forms?
This is the basic definition of sexual reproduction
What is 'the reproduction of cells or organisms that requires the genetic information from two individuals?'
In humans, these cells go into G0 permanently
What is spinal cord and brain cells?
These are the three major criteria a cell must pass to get through the G2 checkpoint
What are 1) no mistakes made in S phase, 2) correct cell size, 3) all organelles are doubled?
These are the two major things that occur during the metaphase checkpoint
What is 1) checking that all chromosomes are present and 2) checking that all chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers?
Briefly explain the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II
What is 'meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and meiosis II separates replicated chromosomes?'
This term refers only to a mature sperm or egg cell
What is a gamete?
This term refers specifically to the process of creating egg cells
What is oogenesis?
This type of genetic material is divided in mitosis
What are replicated chromosomes (divided into chromatids)?
This is the hierarchy of DNA structure, starting with the least condensed form
What is chromatin < nucleosomes < coils < supercoils < chromosomes?
List five distinctive differences we see in mitosis
What are 1) only somatic cells go through mitosis, 2) mitosis has one round of cell division, 3) mitosis conserves genetic information, 4) no homologous chromosomes appear in mitosis, 5) no crossing over occurs, 6) cells in mitosis continue dividing throughout the life of the organism, 7) form of asexual reproduction/cloning, 8) ensures the survival of an individual organism, 9) end result is 2 genetically identical, diploid cells?
These are four similarities of mitosis and meiosis
What are 1) both occur in sexually reproducing eukaryotes, 2) both divide some type of genetic material, 3) both have PMAT + cytokinesis, 4) both include a spindle/metaphase checkpoint, 5) both separate replicated chromosomes?
List all five phases of the eukaryotic cell life cycle AND all checkpoints that occur during this life cycle
What are 1) M phase, 2) G1, 3) S phase, 4) G2, 5) G0 and the checkpoints are referred to as 1) G1 checkpoint, 2) G2 checkpoint, and 3) Metaphase/spindle checkpoint
These are five ways the meiosis is distinctly different than mitosis
What are 1) only germ cells go through meiosis, 2) has two rounds of cell division, 3) meiosis mixes up genetic information, 4) homologous chromosomes appear in meiosis, 5) crossing over occurs in meiosis, 6) germ cells only go through meiosis one time, 7) ensures the survival of an entire species, 8) end result is 4 genetically different, haploid cells, 9) form of sexual reproduction?