Vocab
This term refers to DNA in its most condensed form
What is a chromosome?
All prokaryotes have DNA in the form of:
What are plasmids?
This term refers to the creation of mature sperm and egg cells
What is gametogenesis?
During this phase, the cell makes a second copy of its DNA instructions
What is synthesis (S) phase?
These spherical proteins are used to help DNA compact on itself
What are histone proteins?
After a cell goes through S phase, ______________ chromosomes become ___________________ chromosomes
What is 'individual chromosomes become replicated chromosomes (made of two identical sister chromatids)?'
This term refers to the process of programmed cell death
What is apoptosis?
These are formed when a certain length of chromatin wrap around 8-10 spherical histone proteins
What are nucleosomes?
This system is responsible for controlling cellular checkpoints
What is the immune system?
The immune system does the majority of its work during this part of a 24-hour cycle
What is 'during nighttime/sleep?'
Define asexual reproduction using the definitions discussed in class
What is 'the process or reproducing a cell or organism that only requires genetic information from one individual?'
List the three major things that occur during telophase, telophase I, and telophase II
What are '1) nuclear envelopes re-form, 2) some type of chromosomes decondense into chromatin, and 3) spindle breaks down and dissolves?'
List three advantages of asexual reproduction:
What are 1) requires less energy, 2) happens faster, 3) creates more offspring?
These are the criteria required for a cell to pass the metaphase/spindle checkpoint
What is 'the cell is checked to make sure that 1) all chromosomes are present and accounted for and 2) all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle fibers?'
These are the three major criteria a cell must pass to get through the G2 checkpoint
What are 1) no mistakes made in S phase, 2) correct cell size, 3) all organelles are doubled?
_____________ are the 'microtubule organizing centers' during cell division of eukaryotic cells
What are centrioles?
These are three similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
What are '1) both contain DNA, 2) both have a cell membrane, 3) both have cytoplasm, 4) both have ribosomes, 5) both can exist as unicellular organisms?'
These are the three disadvantages of sexual reproduction AND the major advantage of this method of reproduction
What are '1) more energetically-costly, 2) takes much longer to occur, 3) usually results in fewer offspring - the major advantage is that it generates huge amounts of genetic diversity within populations?'
This is the average life span of human 1) red blood cells, 2) skin cells, and 3) intestinal lining cells:
What is 1) ~90 days, 2) ~21 days, and 3) ~5 days?
These are the major requirements for a cell to pass the G1 checkpoint
What are 1) correct cell size, 2) enough nutrients and growth factors, and 3) no mistakes made during M phase?
These are all the phases of the eukaryotic cell life cycle and all checkpoints that occur in that life cycle:
What are '1) M phase, 2) G1 phase, 3) G0 phase, 4) S phase, and 5) G2 phase; checkpoints are G1, G2, and spindle/metaphase/M checkpoint?'
List five distinctive differences we see in mitosis (contrast):
What are 1) only somatic cells go through mitosis, 2) mitosis has one round of cell division, 3) mitosis conserves genetic information, 4) no homologous chromosomes appear in mitosis, 5) no crossing over occurs, 6) cells in mitosis continue dividing throughout the life of the organism, 7) form of asexual reproduction/cloning, 8) ensures the survival of an individual organism, 9) end result is 2 genetically identical, diploid cells?
These are four similarities of mitosis and meiosis
What are 1) both occur in sexually reproducing eukaryotes, 2) both divide replicated chromosomes, 3) both have PMAT + cytokinesis, 4) both include a spindle/metaphase checkpoint, 5) both occur during M phase, 6) both use the spindle apparatus?
List the hierarchy of DNA starting with the least condensed form
What is 'chromatin < nucleosomes < coils < supercoils < chromosomes?'
These are five ways the meiosis is distinctly different than mitosis
What are 1) only germ cells go through meiosis, 2) has two rounds of cell division, 3) meiosis mixes up genetic information, 4) homologous chromosomes appear in meiosis, 5) crossing over occurs in meiosis, 6) germ cells only go through meiosis one time, 7) ensures the survival of an entire species, 8) end result is 4 genetically different, haploid cells, 9) form of sexual reproduction?