types of energy
thermal energy
total amount of energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules in a sample of matter
products of each cell respiration stage
Glycolysis: 4 ATP, net gain of 2 ATP
krebs cycle: 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 1 FADH, 3 NADH (per pyruvate)
ETC: about 34 ATP
When/Where do the types of fermentation occur
Latic Acid- muscle cells when oxygen is low
Alcoholic- when yeast breaks down sugars in absence of oxygen
how does carbon dioxide relate to climate
"greenhouse effect": CO2 traps heat in Earths atmosphere causing the planet to warm when its concentration increases; keeps Earth about 10oC warmer than it would be otherwise
Light reaction
chemical reactions that convert the suns energy to chemical energy; takes place in the membrane of thylakoids in the chroloplasts
chemical energy
potential to perform work due to the arrangement of atoms within molecules
Fermentation
occurs when oxygen isn't available, solely through glycolysis, latic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation
How do different types of energy work in cellular respiration
Chemical - breaks down glucose molecules to release stored energy in form of electrons to generate ATP
Potential - stored within chemical bonds of molecules, bonds broken leading to releasing PE and convection into ATP
Kinetic - harnesses PE, converting it into usable chemical energy/ATP
Thermal - by product arising from not all energy being extracted from glucose; captured and stored as ATP
Calvin Cycle
cycle in plants that makes sugar from carbon dioxide, H*ions, and high-energy electrons carried by NADPH
Where do the stages of CR take place
G - cytoplasm
KC - mitochondria matrix
ETC - mitochondria inner membrane
potential energy
energy stored due to an objects position or arrangement
Cellular Respiration equation
how do different types of energy work in photosynthesis
Chemical - produced by light energy being captured by chlorophyll; causes electrons to transfer energy to convert CO2 and H2O into C6H12O8, which stores light energy as CE to be used for plant growth/metabolism
Potential - stored within chemical bonds of sugar molecules produced by a plant using light energy
Kinetic - movement of light particles(protons) provides energy to initiate chemical reactions
Thermal - some light energy is released as heat energy, acting as a "waste product"
Electron Transport Chain
sequence of electron carrier molecules that transfer electrons and release energy during cellular respiration
Electromagnetic spectrum
Gamma - X-ray - UV - Infrared - Microwave - Radio
kinetic energy
energy of motion
Photosynthesis equation
CO2 + H2O + sunlight = C6H12O8 + O2
electrons role in photosynthesis
electrons from water get a boost from energy in sunlight, chloroplasts use these "excited" electrons along with CO2 and H to produce C6H12O8
Krebs Cycle
stage of cellular respiration that finishes the breakdown of pyruvic acid molecules to carbon dioxide, releasing energy
different ways a material can interact with light waves
absorption, transmission, or reflection
calorie
amount of energy required to raise the temperature 1g of water 1oC
steps of photosynthesis
light reaction - converts sunlight into ATP
calvin cycle - converts ATP into glucose
how do pigments play a role in photosynthesis
pigments absorb specific wavelengths of light, allowing plants to capture energy needed to convert CO2 and H2O into C6H12O8
Glycolysis
the splitting in half of a glucose molecule; the first stage of cellular respiration and fermentation
autotroph/heterotroph
Autotroph - organisms that makes its own food via photosynthesis
heterotroph - organism that obtains food by eating other organisms