Glycolysis
Is oxygen needed in glycolysis?
No oxygen is not needed in glycolysis.
Where does pyruvate oxidation happen?
It happens in the mitochondria's matrix.
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Inside the mitochondria (the cell's powerhouses).
What is the job of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
It's job is to make lots of ATP(energy).
What are the outputs?
Large amounts of ATP (around 30-32).
What is the input needed for glycolysis?
The input is one glucose (sugar) molecule.
What does pyruvate oxidation link together?
It connects glycolysis (sugar breakdown) to the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle).
What is the Krebs Cycle named after?
The Krebs Cycle is named after Sir Hans Krebs.
What are the outputs of the Electron Transport Chain(ETC) after one cycle?
26-28 ATP and 6 water.
Why is oxidative phosphorylation important?
it's the primary way cells generate massive amounts of ATP (energy currency) from food, using oxygen to power an electron transport chain that pumps protons, driving ATP synthase.
Where does glycolysis happen in the cell?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
What are the outputs?
1 Acetyl-CoA, 1 NADH, 1 Carbon Dioxide (CO₂).
How many times does the Krebs Cycle occur for each glucose?
The Krebs cycle occurs twice for each glucose molecule.
Explain how the process of the electron transport chain ultimately leads to the production of ATP?
During the electron transport chain, a hydrogen gradient is produced that is used to produce ATP from ADP.
What are the factors affecting oxidative phosphorylation? (5 possible answers)
The rate of oxidative phosphorylation is regulated by factors such as oxygen levels, substrate availability, ADP/ATP ratios, membrane potential, and proton leak rates.
What are the outputs of glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate (3-carbon molecules), 2 net ATP, 2 NADH.
Which specific enzyme complex catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes this reaction.
What is the waste product in the Krebs Cycle?
Carbon dioxide is released as waste.
Name at least one of the 3 processes of the Electron Transport Chain(ETC).
1. Electrons move down a protein chain, releasing energy.
2.This energy pumps protons (H+) from the matrix to the intermembrane space, building a gradient.
3.Protons flow back through ATP Synthase (like water through a turbine).
What is the "Oxidative" Part of Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Electrons are transferred (oxidized) from NADH/FADH2, and oxygen is reduced (gains electrons).
What type of cells carry out glycolysis?
virtually all cells—both prokaryotic (bacteria, archaea) and eukaryotic (plants, animals, fungi).
Does pyruvate oxidation produce ATP directly via substrate-level phosphorylation?
No, it does not produce any ATP directly; its primary role is to generate electron carriers (\(\text{NADH}\)) and link glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.
What is the primary role for the Krebs Cycle?
Harvest high-energy electrons (carried by NADH & FADH2) for oxidative phosphorylation (main ATP production).
What is the purpose of the Electron Transport Chain(ETC)?
To generate most of the cell's energy (ATP) by passing electrons from electron donors (like NADH/FADH2) through protein complexes, creating a proton gradient that powers ATP synthase, the cell's energy currency generator.
Why is oxidative phosphorylation more efficient?
Oxidative phosphorylation fueled by electron transport is more efficient that substrate-level phosphorylation.