Cellular Respiration vs Fermentation
Explain one major difference between cellular respiration and fermentation.
Cellular Respiration uses Oxygen (aerobic)
Fermentation does not use Oxygen (anaerobic)
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcohol and Lactic Acid
What is the main function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
to generate an electrochemical gradient
Compare the roles of ATP and glucose in cellular processes.
Glucose stores energy
ATP is usable energy
How do the products of cellular respiration differ from those of fermentation?
Cellular Respiration produces 32 ATP and CO2
Fermentation Produces 2 ATP and latic acid or alcohol as byproducts
Describe the initial steps of fermentation.
Glycolysis (breaking down glucose)
Describe the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain.
electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient
Explain how ATP is converted into energy for cellular activities.
ATP is able to power cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule (a process called phosphorylation).
Name one type of organism that performs cellular respiration and one that undergoes fermentation.
Cellular Respiration: all eukaryotes
Fermentation: yeasts, bacterias, etc
What are the three main stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis, krebs (citric acid) cycle, ETC
How is ATP generated in the electron transport chain?
The proton gradient produced by proton pumping during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP. Protons flow down their concentration gradient into the matrix through the membrane protein ATP synthase, causing it to spin (like a water wheel) and catalyze conversion of ADP to ATP.
Describe the structure of ATP and its significance in energy transfer.
The structure of ATP is a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups. ATP is commonly referred to as the "energy currency" of the cell, as it provides readily releasable energy in the bond between the second and third phosphate groups.
Describe how energy is generated in cellular respiration compared to fermentation.
Cellular respiration breaks down glucose into intermediary products which are then used to power the ETC and ATP Synthase.
Fermentation breaks down glucose into a byproduct and regenerates NADP+ for use again.
What happens during the first stage of cellular respiration?
glucose is broken down by two ATP and two molecules of pyruvic acid and four molecules of ATP are produced
Explain the importance of oxygen in the electron transport chain.
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transfer chain, resulting in the formation of H2O.
This is essential because without it, the electron transfer chain cannot function resulting in a lack of oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Discuss the importance of glucose as a source of energy in living organisms.
Glucose is a 6-carbon structure with the chemical formula C6H12O6.
It is a ubiquitous source of energy for every organism in the world and is essential to fuel both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
Discuss the role of oxygen in cellular respiration and its absence in fermentation.
Oxygen is used in the ETC as a final electron acceptor to create H2O.
Fermentation takes place when oxygen is not present and therefore, the ETC cannot function.
What happens during the krebs cycle?
energy stored in pyruvate is transferred to NADH and FADH2, and some ATP is produced
Discuss the relationship between the electron transport chain and the production of ATP.
The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation.
Compare the energy storage capacities of ATP and glucose.
A glucose molecule can store 90 times more energy than ATP.
However, ATP is an immediate source of energy for cells.