Long-term
Cause
Cause
Short-term
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Cause
Event
Short-term
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Long-term
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100
What does the term 'creole' mean?
1/8 Black.
100
Who was the lead lawyer on the NAACP legal team? (and also later became the first Black judge on the Supreme Court).
Thurgood Marshall
100
What year was Central High desegregated?
1956
100
What year did 'The Lost Year' begin?
1958
100
What are some examples of informal segregation in the US education system today?
Lack of African-American identity in the curriculum.
Black students are put into vocational career pathways, rather than universities.
Teachers have lower expectations of African-American learners.
African-Americans are more likely to attend schools with inexperienced teachers.
200
Name the law that segregated the train carriages for New Orleans in the Jim Crow South.
'The Separate Car Act of 1890'
200
What two arguments did the NAACP lawyers make against segregated schools?
1 - The two schools are not funded equally.
2 - Segregated schools are psychologically damaging to black children.
200
Who was the Governor of Arkansas?
Governor Orval Faubus.
200
What percentage of White students were able to continue their education following the Lost Year?
93%
200
Where is the most segregated city in the USA?
New York City.
300
GIVE TWO REASONS why the Citizens' Committee and the New Orleans Train Company wanted to challenge segregated trains?
- Segregation was expensive. Two carriages. Two sets of staff...
- Conductors were at risk of being sued if they got it wrong.
300
What did the 'Clark Doll Experiment' attempt to show?
That segregated schools inflicted psychological damage to Black children.
300
How many people protested at the gates of the school?
250.
300
What percentage of Black students were able to continue their education following the Lost Year?
50%
300
What are two ways the government attempted to eliminate informal segregation in schools?
Racial Quotas were introduced 1973. Ended in 1996.
Bussing was introduced in 1971. Ended in 2002.
400
What does the 13th Amendment to the Constitution state?
What does the 14th Amendment to the Constitution state?
13th = 'neither slavery nor servitude... shall exist within the United States.'
14th = 'no state can deprive any person... their equal protection of the laws.'
400
Provide one quote from Justice Warren in his final verdict of Brown v Board.
Children are ‘deprived of the equal protection guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.’
‘Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.’
‘start making plans towards desegregation with all deliberate speed.’
400
How long were the Little Rock Nine locked out of school for, prior to the President's intervention?
Three weeks.
400
President Eisenhower said that the Arkansas Governor was a "demagogic extremist".
What does this mean?
Someone who appeals to emotions, rather than logical arguments.
400
70% of white students attend a White majority school. Why are schools still segregated today?
Linked to past racist housing practices of redlining.
- Inner-city housing is cheaper. Black.
- Suburban housing is more expensive. White.
500
What impact did Plessy v Fergusson have on Southern African Americans?
- The Supreme Court essentially gave permission to expand Jim Crow Segregation into other facilities.
- 'separate but equal' was rarely upheld across the South. Black facilities became inferior.
- Legalised the Black position of inferiority to Whites.
500
What impact did Brown v Board have on Southern Whites?
- 70% of White Americans did not agree with desegregation.
- White Citizens Council organised a 'massive resistance' campaign.
- Over 100 governors signed the 'Southern Manifesto' to resist desegregation in schools.
500
Name any five students in the Little Rock Nine.
Melba Pattillo
Minnijean Brown
Elizabeth Eckford
Ernest Green
Gloria Ray
Carlotta Walls
Thelma Mothershed
Terrence Roberts
Jefferson Thomas
500
What was Roy Wilkins' position on providing Black teachers for Black students during the Lost Year?
It would defeat the intent of integration.
500
What impact does desegregation have on Whites and Blacks in the USA?
Whites: Decreases racial bias and increases understanding. "amongst white students, desegregation has no measurable negative effects" - University of California (2011)
Blacks: Increased employment, educational outcomes. "Reduces the probability of incarceration by 22%" - University of California (2011)