Ch. 1 Vocabulary
Define Juvenile, Juvenile Delinquency, & Juvenile Delinquent
Juvenile = An age-rated status with legal consequences. A person who is under the age of 18
Juvenile Delinquency = A term used to describe the bad behavior of a youth
Juvenile Delinquent = A person under the age of 18 years who has been found caught breaking the law or committed a status offense in the state
Define Infant Mortality Rate
Infant Mortality Rate = The number of deaths of infants younger than 1 year of age per 1000 born alive.
Define Larceny-Theft
Larceny-Theft = The completed theft of property or cash without the owner's consent
Why is the 'reasonable suspicion' standard used by school officials acting alone considered proper for searches in schools?
It balances the student expectations of privacy and the school's interest in maintaining a safe and effective environment.
Does Miranda apply to the school interrogation?
No, however, there is an exception for example if a school administrator is working with law enforcement or a student is in custody, and when a police officer questions a student in school
Define Achieved Status, Ascribed Status, & Social Control
Achieved Status = A social position that a person earns through their hard work and can be controlled or choose
Ascribed Status = A social position that a person was born into or cannot be controlled or choose
Social Control = The rules and custom that society has apply to the people to maintain order
Define Socialization
Socialization = Is the process by which people learn the norms, values, and culture of their society.
Define Probable and Reasonable Cause
Probable Cause = A good reason for a police officer to believe an offense has been committed.
Reasonable Cause = A lower standard than probable cause. A police officer needs a good feeling (30%) that an offense has been committed or the youth needs supervision.
What is the Gun-Free Schools Act in 1994?
The Gun Free School Act of 1994 is a law that requires schools to expel students who bring weapons to school for at least one year
What are some of the common charges students face from school referrals?
Disturbing the peace, disorderly conduct, and terroristic thereat. In addition to that new state law introduces chare that relate to school behavior such as disrupting classes or assemblies, talking back to teachers, and loitering or trespassing on school ground
Define Cohort, Deviant, & Incorrigible
Cohort = A group of people who share particular statistical or demographic characteristic
Deviant = Differing from social norms or standard
Incorrigible = When a child is disobedient to reasonable and lawful commands from their parents, guardian, or custodian.
Define Orphan Train
Orphan Train = A program in the mid to late 19th century where children from urban areas were sent to live with families in rural areas (mainly in the West)
Define Discretion, Consent, and Detention
Discretion =
Consent =
Detention =
What does SRO stand for and what are the arrangements for SRO with the school? What is the TRIAD model? What is the main function of SROS?
SROs stand for school resource office and the arrangement is some schools come into an agreement with local law enforcement agencies to provide SROs to a school or set of schools, there is a district that has its own police department (school police) that provides full-time officer who is employed directly by the school rather than the local law enforcement agency who also have all the power of a local law enforcement agency with jurisdiction limited to the school, and there are other districts that participate in the Federal School Resource Officer program, administered by the Department of Justice's Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services. These SROs follow the TRIAD model.
It is to support law enforcement goals
The TRIAD model serves as a teacher, counselor, and law enforcement officer.
What are the factors found not to constitute reasonable grounds:
A hunch
A tip from an unreliable source
“Furtive gestures” or noncooperation
Student’s status as a rule breaker
Association with wrongdoers
Define Typology, Street Crime, & Status Offense
Typology = A way to organize things in groups or categories
Street Crime = Common crime committed in a public place
Status Offense = An act committed that is considered to be a legal offense only in juvenile court
Define Child Saver & House of Refugee
Child Saver - People in the 19th century who help created special systems and institutions to deal with juvenile delinquent and troubled youth.
House of Refugee - A reformatory place where juvenile delinquent and status offenders were sent to live and receive help
Define Miranda Right & Per Se Requirement
Miranda Right =
Per Se Requirement =
What are the circumstances for courts more likely to require probable cause for a search conducted by police officers acting alone?
If the officer, not the school official, has initiated the search, the officer's purpose of the search is to uncover criminal activity, or the officer is ultimately responsible to a law enforcement agency.
What are the factors found to constitute reasonable grounds:
A reliable anonymous tip.
A school official witnessing an act or overhearing a conversation.
A reliable tip from another student.
Student’s physical indications of being under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
Student’s past record of the same behavior.
Common sense conclusions about individual behavior, when based on more than a hunch.
Define National Incident, Parens Patriae, & Uniform Crime Reports
National Incident = Based reporting system. A crime reporting system in which each separate offense in a crime is described, including data describing the offender(s), victim(s), and property.
Parens Patriae = The government is the ultimate guardian of all children or disabled adults or the government acts as a parent to children who can't take care of themselves. Protect & guide young people.
Uniform Crime Reports = These are reports that the FBI gathers and it summarizes crime data from police departments across the U.S.
Define Primogeniture & Patriarchy
Primogeniture = A system of inheritance in which the oldest son receives the entire estate.
Patriarchy = A social system in which males have authority and fathers are considered the absolute head of the family
Define Broken-Windows Perspective & Not-Widening
Broken-Windows Perspective =
Not-Widening =
What factors does the court consider when they determine whether reasonable suspicion or probable cause is required for a search being conducted by SROS acting alone?
The officer’s employer, the agency to which the officer reports, and the officer’s assigned duties
If the SRO is employed directly by the school district, reasonable suspicion is required.
If the SRO is employed by an outside police department but they are assigned to the school then probable cause is typically required.
Under what circumstances is 'reasonable suspicion' or 'probable cause' required when school officials act in concert with law enforcement for searches?
Probable Cause:
Reasonable suspicion: