1 HISTORY OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
American understanding of children originated in the child-rearing practices and values brought to the New World by which group in the late 1600’s?
Who are the English Puritans?
___________________: the age a juvenile first begins committing delinquent acts.
What is the Age of Onset?
An effective criminological theory can demonstrate _______________.
What is causation?
What is the primary goal of juvenile justice and criminal justice systems?
What is to curtail offending behavior?
________ allows a judge to mix and match sentencing options.
What is Blended sentence?
England began to legislate ages of culpability, and laws were passed recognizing that youths under the age of _______ should not be held responsible for criminal activity.
What is 7?
The continuation of delinquent behaviors as a youth ages, often with an escalation of seriousness in the criminal offending is?
What is Persistence?
_________________ and ______________ asserted that human beings are rational and make choices based on their own free will instead of looking to spiritual explanations.
Who are Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham?
Counseling involving parents/guardians to focus on behavior is an example of what type of police interaction with policing?
What is informal?
What type of hearing sometimes occurs during the adjudicatory hearing?
What is Dispositional hearing?
The Court had the option of invoking ______________ where they could refuse to enforce sanctions against children due to the dearth of common-law standards and statutes applicable to them.
What is nullification?
As indicated in the age crime curve, what age will the majority of juveniles cease offending by?
What is early 20's?
___________ ___________ is a related concept that involves the interaction of social groups competing for resources in the same area.
What is Social ecology?
Name 2 services that School Resource Officers provide.
What is:
Provide Law Enforcement Services
Act as community liaisons
Teach substance abuse/gang intervention classes
Mentors
Facilitate Community Service Projects
Serve as a positive presence at schools (If done correctly)
Which court case asserted that life without parole as a sentencing decision for juveniles should be applied only when offenses reflected “irreparable corruption.”
What is Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016)?
What are the three types of Houses of Refuge?
What is bridewells, reformatories, and cottage reformatories?
An annual compilation of crime data from all law enforcement agencies in the US.
What is the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)?
______________: individuals have some degree of free will in choosing their actions but these choices are limited because some factors are outside their control.
What is Neoclassicalism?
_____________ officers were hired specifically to communicate with runaways and truants, and to patrol locations—often crime-ridden—where these juveniles were likely to hide.
What are female officers?
In what type of hearing are youths are protected against self-incrimination, and cross-examination of all witnesses is permitted?
What is Adjudicatory hearing?
Who is referred to as the father of probation?
Who is John Augustus?
What are two Problems with the UCR?
What are Validity and Reliability?
This theory was introduced in the late 20th century, assumes that offenders make a choice to commit crime based on the opportunities that are available to them in their surroundings.
What is Rational Choice Theory?
Counseling involving parents/guardians to focus on behavior is an example of what type of police interaction with policing?
What is informal?
What two options do juvenile courts have with juveniles after detention hearings?
Pretrial Release or Preventative Detention
This latin term became the guiding principle of the juvenile court.
What is Parens Patriae?
According to the Age-crime curve:A phenomenon that indicates that as a child grows into the teenage years, he or she is more likely to
Take risks
Be impulsive
Behave irrationally
A school of criminality that believed that criminality did not result from individual choice but from factors beyond an individual’s control.
What is positivism?
Name the categories that The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) organizes police–juvenile interactions into.
What are
Youth-initiated contact
Police-initiated contact
Contact resulting in arrest
Victimization
What is it called when a serious offender or status offender is detained for their own protection or the protection of society?
What is Preventative Detention?
Parens patriae was upheld in which court case that involved the incarceration of Mary Ann Crouse at the request of her mother but without the approval of her father.
What is Ex Parte Crouse (1839)?
An annual survey conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
What is National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
What four factors must be present to demonstrate causation?
What are:
theoretical rationale
correlation
time sequence
non spurious
This program, implemented in schools across America in 1991, was meant to counteract the attraction of gang membership.
What is the G.R.E.A.T. program?
_______________ sentencing: sets a specific amount of time to be served for a specific crime, and the time is often mandated by statute.
What is Determinate sentencing?
Which Amendment played a role in the changing of Lee Boyd Malvo's sentence?
What is the Eighth Amendment?
What are the primary methods used to gather juvenile correctional statistics?
What are The Children in Custody Survey (CIC), the National Survey of Youth in Custody, and the National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD)?
Routine activities theorists Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson describe what three components in the commission of crime?
What are:
A motivated offender
A suitable target
Lack of capable guardianship
What must happen for the fifth amendment to be in effect?
What is: Questioning must take place when juveniles are in police custody and they don’t feel free to leave.
At what 3 points can detention hearings occur?
What are
at the time youths are brought in by law enforcement
during or after a review to determine if referral to juvenile court is appropriate
after the adjudicatory hearing