Epidema-what?
The study of disease
What is pathology?
The body’s inborn, nonspecific defenses against any pathogen
What is innate immunity?
The body’s acquired resistance to a specific pathogen
Adaptive/acquired immunity
Give one example of active natural immunity
A person is exposed to chickenpox once
Define an antigen
A foreign substance that triggers an immune response in the body (causing the body to produce antibodies)
Which symbiotic relationship has one organism benefiting at the expense of another?
What is parasitism?
Name 2/6 physical factors of innate immunity
Intact skin, mucous membranes, cilliary, lacrimal apparatus, saliva, urine flow (and vaginal secretions)
Name 3 types of phagocytes
Neutrophils
Macrophages (fixed and wandering)
Dendritic cells
Eosinophils
Give one example of passive natural and one example of passive artificial
Passive natural - mother passes antibodies to the baby transplacenta or through breast feeding
Passive artificial - immunoglobulins (antibodies) are injected directly into body
Specific antibody-binding site on an antigen
Explain the difference between signs & symptoms
Signs - measurable changes in body function (i.e. temperature)
Symptoms - subjective changes in body function (i.e. pain)
What is the most common innate immunity factor?
Your skin! You are born with it!
What type of immunity are B cells? T cells?
B cells - humoral immunity (specific antibody production)
T cells - cell-mediated immunity (general protection)
What is the function of T helper cells?
aka CD4 cells; activates macrophages, neutrophils, and B cells (produce B memory)
In other words, the T helper cell “yells for help!!”
**MHC-II (only antigen presenting cells)
Name three results of antibody-antigen binding
2. Opsonization (coating antigen to enhance phagocytosis)
3. Complement pathway activation (causes inflammation and cell lysis)
4. Antibody-dependent cell mediated immunity (Ab attaches to target cell to destroy)
5. Neutralization (Ab block attachment of toxin)
Give an example of a fomite, vehicle, and vector
Fomite - utensils, doorknobs, faucets, money, bedding, syringes
Vehicle - water, food, air
Vector - fleas, ticks, mosquitos
How do stomach acid and vaginal secretions inhibit microorganism growth?
They lower the pH of microorganisms
Name the three major responses that occur when the complement system is turned on
1. Opsonization
2. Cytolysis
3. Inflammation
WHat is the function of the T cytotoxic cell?
aka CD8 T cells; they target and destroy cells (specifically virus-altered cells)
MHC-I = all nucleated cells**
Which is the only antibody type that can cross the placenta?
IgG - monomer that protects the fetus and newborn
List and explain the stages of a disease
1. Incubation period (no s/s)
2. Prodromal period (mild s/s)
3. Period of illness (most severe s/s)
4. Period of decline (s/s present)
5. Period of convalescence (recovery)
Are RBCs, WBCs, or platelets the biggest part of innate immunity?
Sorryyyy. Trick question, these are all related to adaptive immunity!
List and define the three types of interferons
IFN-a and IFN-B = antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells to “warn” neighboring healthy cells
IFN-Y = antibacterial protein that induces phagocytosis
What happens when a cell does not contain MHC-I?
Typically infected or cancerous cells; all nucleated cells SHOULD have MHC-I on the surface of cell
Explain clonal selection and deletion
Clonal selection - Making more B cells to bind to a present antigen
Clonal deletion - deleting anti-self antigen and preventing B cells from attacking