PORTALS OF ENTRY & EXIT
This is the most common portal of entry for pathogens
What is the respiratory tract?
Surface structures made of glycoproteins or lipoproteins that help pathogens attach to host cells
What are adhesins?
Streptokinase is an example of this type of enzyme that dissolves blood clots
What is a kinase?
These toxins are proteins produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
What are exotoxins?
This virus hides its attachment site using long, slender CD4-binding proteins
What is HIV?
Skin is usually impenetrable, but microbes may enter through these two structures
What are hair follicles and sweat ducts?
These bacterial structures are commonly used for attachment to host cells
What are fimbriae (or pili)?
This enzyme forms blood clots to protect bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus from phagocytosis
What is coagulase?
These toxins are part of the LPS layer of Gram-negative bacteria
What are endotoxins?
What is cytocidal?
Trauma, arthropod bites, and injections are examples of this route of entry
What is the parenteral route?
This bacterial structure helps prevent phagocytosis
What is a capsule?
Salmonella and E. coli use these proteins to rearrange host actin and enter cells
What are invasins?
This type of exotoxin nonspecifically stimulates T cells and causes massive cytokine release
This process allows pathogens like Trypanosoma and Neisseria to avoid immune detection by changing surface antigens
What is antigenic variation?
HIV can enter the body through this portal
Hint: Syringes
Biofilms help microbes with attachment and provide resistance to these agents
What are antimicrobial agents?
This “spreading factor” digests intercellular cement to allow tissue penetration
What is hyaluronidase?
What is an exotoxin?
This virus mimics acetylcholine receptors to evade immune defenses
What is rabies virus?
A pathogenic microbe the produces urease enters through this portal
What is the genitourinary tract?
Mannose or lactose are most common in this bacterial cell stucture
What are cell receptors?
A microbe's ability to alter their proteins and virulent abilites to avoid attacks of the IS
This toxin develops a protein channel into the target's plasma membrane to perform lysis
What are membrane-disrupting toxins?
This organism avoids defenses by growing inside phagocytes
What are protozoas?