Baltes and Baltes Theory and Nancy Denney Theory
What are the three steps of Baltes and Baltes Theory?
1. Selection- Occurs when distractions are reduced to be successful in carrying out a task. ex: a middle-aged adult would perceive that turning off the television when doing a task that needs concentration is necessary.
2. Optimization- Involved when middle-aged adults take time to improve their physical fitness or to expand their knowledge.
3. Compensation- Can take many form depending on the situation, such as being diligent about recording important information or carefully organizing one's work.
What did the analysis of data from the Seattle Longitudinal study indicate?
It indicated that if someone had a kind of coronary heart disease (cvd) or high blood pressure, they showed earlier and larger declines on intellectual tests than did those who were disease-free.
Lack of mental exercise tends to be correlated with declines in what?
Declines in memory and cognitive skills.
In the learning new skills article what are the three different ideas.
1. Researchers have found that middle - aged and younger adults take different approaches to learning from expository text. Younger adults focus on creating a word-for-word representation of the text in their memories.
2. By contrast middle-aged adults pay more attention to overarching themes than to details.
3. In memory, this differences might be reflected in a decline in memory for the surface detail, accompanied by an increase in memory for themes and meaning.
What are the four stages used to solve problems that Daniel Goleman described?
1. gather relevant information
2. Incubation, one thinks about the information
3. Illumination, the solution to the problem becomes evident (AH HA moment)
4. Translation, Solution is applied to the problem & adjustments made where necessary.
Does the physical declines of middle age, resources such as physical agility and working memory capacity decrease or increase?
It decreases.
What has physical exercise been linked to?
It has been linked to higher scores on tests of reasoning reaction time short memory, linked to lower levels of disease, greater longevity.
Visual memory & more complex tasks does it increase, decline, or stay the same ?
It declines.
On what tasks does middle aged adults out perform young adults?
How is Baltes and Baltes theory different from Nancy's theory?
Their theory- Strategy selective optimization with compensation, occurs wherein there is process of balancing the gains and losses associated with aging.
What are the four types of function?
Walter Schaie's, Physical exercise, Physical activity and Executive control process.
Auditory memory & recognition words & texts appears to remain stable, short term (working) memory capacity does this decline, increase or stay the same?
It stays the same.
What is Nancy Denney theory?
Changes occur with age on nearly any measure of physical or cognitive functioning and follows a typical curve.
What is Episodic memories? and
What is Semantic memory?
Episodic memories relates to one's ability to re-experience personal events or episodes. i.e remembering fun things on a vacation is episodic memory.
Ways to overcome- use reminders or cues such as noting where car is parked. The perception is that effects will make a difference.
Episodic= experiences
Semantic memories represent one's general knowledge of the world, facts & the meaning of words. I.e remembering facts about the country one visited is semantic memory. Semantic= is general knowledge (Facts).
What is use it or lose it?
What is Expertise?
Use it or lose it- One can maintain or even gain in skills on any task that they practice often or that is based on specific learning. Adults who engage in intellectually challenging activities show fewer losses in cognitive skills than those who do not.
Expertise- In a particular field helps to compensate for age - related deficits in cognitive functioning. (Read a lot= less chance to get dementia)- use it or loose it.