Political Thought/Documents
Which English philosopher most directly influenced the Declaration of Independence with his ideas about natural rights and government by consent?
John Locke
What phrase summed up the guiding principles of the French Revolution
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity."
Who led Brazil to independence and became its emperor?
Emperor Pedro I
What was unique about the leadership of the Haitian Revolution compared with other Atlantic revolutions?
It was led primarily by enslaved people.
What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna in 1814–1815?
To restore the pre-revolutionary political order and balance of power in Europe.
What slogan protested British taxation policies and expressed colonial objection to being taxed without representation?
"No taxation without representation."
What was the name of the oath taken by members of the Third Estate pledging not to disband until they had a constitution?
Tennis Court Oath
Which liberator aimed to weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation similar to the United States?
Simón Bolívar
The 1791 slave revolt in Saint-Domingue ultimately led to what long-term political result for the island?
It led to the founding of an independent Haiti — the first independent Black republic.
What term described the post‑independence Latin American strongmen who often exercised authoritarian control?
Caudillos?
Which document issued in 1789 summarized Enlightenment principles for the French Revolution and affirmed rights like liberty and property?
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Who led France during its most radical revolutionary phase and became associated with the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre
Who organized the Seneca Falls Convention, which advocated for women’s rights in the United States?
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
How did the Napoleonic Wars help create an opening for Latin American independence movements?
They distracted European powers and weakened Spanish authority, giving colonies opportunities for independence.
Which nationalist founded "Young Italy" and pushed for Italian unity through popular activism?
Giuseppe Mazzini
Name the English author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, an early feminist critique of gender inequality.
Mary Wollstonecraft
What was the term for the old social and political order that revolutionary leaders sought to replace in France?
ancien régime
Name the leader who helped push independence in Chile and Argentina (known for campaigns across the Andes)
José de San Martín
Identify one major economic problem that contributed to the outbreak of the French Revolution.
Massive government debt and financial crisis
What did Otto von Bismarck mean by "blood and iron" and how did that reflect his approach to unification?
He meant that unification and resolving major political questions would come through war, force, and industrial power rather than speeches; his policies used diplomacy and military action to unify Germany.
Which Enlightenment thinker argued that sovereignty resides in the people and influenced revolutionary ideas about popular sovereignty?
Locke emphasized consent of the governed, Rousseau emphasized popular sovereignty.
Explain one major reason the National Assembly called for the levée en masse and what it accomplished for revolutionary France.
To raise large citizen armies to defend the revolution against invading counterrevolutionary forces; it mobilized manpower and helped repel invasions.
Describe Simón Bolívar’s major political goal for post‑independence South America.
To unify many former Spanish colonies into a larger political entity like Gran Colombia or a federation.
Compare the outcomes of the American and Haitian Revolutions for people of African descent.
The American Revolution maintained racial hierarchies and slavery in many places, while the Haitian Revolution abolished slavery and created an independent Black republic
Explain how the revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries both spread Enlightenment ideals and helped consolidate nation-states.
They propagated Enlightenment concepts like popular sovereignty and rights while also encouraging national identities that led to consolidation of nation-states; examples like French nationalism and the creation of Gran Colombia.