wedge-shaped marks made by pressing the slanted edge of a stylus into soft clay that served as the first form of writing developed by the Sumerians.
What is Cuneiform
100
The shift from hunting and gathering to farming leading to the development of civilization
What is the Neolithic Revolution
100
GRAPES stand for
What is Geography, Religion, Achievements, Politics, Economics, and Social structure
100
Provided rich soil for growing plants, water for travel and trade and yearly floods for irrigating the land.
What is the Fertile Crescent
100
The first 5 major civilizations developed along
What are river-valleys
200
an ancient temple tower honoring the gods and Priests of ancient Mesopotamia
What is a Zigguart
200
also known as "The New Stone Age"
What is Neolithic
200
This first form of literature provided insight into the values and morals of Sumerians
What is Epics (of Gilgamesh)
200
Mesopotamia developed in between which two rivers
What is the Tigris and Euphrates
200
Early city-states became vulnerable and weak because of _____
What is inter-city warfare
300
the branch of science closely related to metal-working and creating metal based tools
What is metallurgy
300
Ceramics and pottery represent a shift from a nomadic lifestyle to ___________
What is sedentary or settlers
300
The social structure of Sumer included who at the top?
Who are Kings and Priests
300
The first major civilizations developed along major
What are river valleys
300
a region or area where cities developed independently from one another is called?
What is Innovative primary urbanization
400
The biggest and first city-state of Mesopotamia
What is Sumer
400
The transition from early domestication of plants and animals and early settlements to sedentary agricultural techniques, centralized government and an organized social strucutre
What is the development of a city-state
400
What is the foundation of Sumer economy?
What is trade
400
Because of the geographic location of the first Civilization and the fertile soil, these two ingredients helped develop the world's first beer
What is wheat and barley
400
Most ancient river valley civilizations are credited for the creation of the world's first ____________
What are irrigation systems
500
the spread of ideas, traits, and traditions
What is cultural diffusion
500
This allowed humans a consistent surplus of food, the ability of the land to support us, and is considered the "roots of all society."
What is Farming
500
as city-states became larger the ________ became more complex
What is social structure/hierarchy
500
What theme of Geography has affected the land of ancient Mesopotamia today?
What is Human-Environment Interaction
500
What are the 3 characteristics of the first city-states
What is a centralized government, mobilized army and organized social structure