Structure of the Earth
3 Parts of the Earth
What are the crust, mantle, and core?
3 types of faults and describe characteristics
What is normal fault (rocks slide along one side and sink vertically); strike-slip (horizontally); and thrust (one side shoved up above the other)?
Cause of earthquakes
What is the movement of tectonic plates suddenly where a fault is formed?
What are the vent, magma, and magma chamber?
Define geology
Most abundant element in the crust
What is oxygen?
Rocks that bend downward during the folding process form a trough-like structure called
What is syncline?
Theory of rocks on either side of fault springing back to a position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake, triggering vibrations in the earth's crust
What is elastic rebound theory?
3 types of volcanoes
What are cinder-cone, shield, and composite volcanoes?
Define fold
What is formation by bending or buckling of rocks under great force (pressure)?
Seismic waves in this region and the other name for the region just above it
What is the mantle and Moho region?
Four types of mountains
What are volcanic, domed, folded, and fault-block mountains?
Hypocenter vs. epicenter
What is hypocenter - point at which earthquake begins BELOW the crust; epicenter - point at which earthquake begins ABOVE surface [most severe region]?
3 kinds of volcanic activity
What are active, dormant, or extinct?
Define aftershocks
What are small earthquakes or tremors of frequent intervals lasting for days or even months after an earthquake, losing intensity as time goes on?
2 parts of earth's center
Contrast volcanic vs. domed mountains
What is volcanic - active or dormant or extinct, lava erupted from beneath the crust; domed - lava pooled below crust but never broke surface (common "hills" near volcanic mountains)?
3 earthquake scales and characteristics
What are Modified Mercalli (feeling, first one, not super accurate); Richter magnitude (most common, 0-9, math-based); Moment magnitude (most accurate, math-based)?
Define fixed-based systems vs. base-isolated systems
What is fixed-based systems - beams and joints allow absorption of seismic activity; base-isolated - building rests of isolators that absorb energy, like "stilts"?
When a layer of rock breaks and moves due to the strain of the forces upon it, the fracture zone results in
What is a fault?
Lithosphere vs asthenosphere
What is lithosphere - "sphere of stone"; asthenosphere - "plastic rock"; both is lower mantle?
What are P waves (springs), S waves (rope), and surface waves (danger! ocean-like)?
Identify volcanic ejecta types
What are 1. gaseous ejecta 2. liquid ejecta (lava- molten rock flow); pahoehoe (ropy lava); aa (blocky lava); pillow lava ("soft" when hits water, hardens) 3. solid ejecta (pyroclasts - larger blocks); (volcanic ash - less than 2mm); lapilli (ash larger than 2mm); volcanic blocks (irregularly shaped, boulder like); (volcanic bombs - thrown high in liquid/semi-liquid state, "almond/tear" shape) 4. pyroclastic flow (superheated cloud of gas and ashes as avalanche -most dangerous part)
Define calderas and igneous intrusions