Disorders
What constituents are seen in the urine to indicate diabetes mellitus?
ketones
Where are the kidneys located? Be as specific as possible. Pointing on yourself does not count.
retroperitoneal space on either side of L1, L2, L3
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Bonus: how many do each kidney have?
nephron
1-2 million
In what order does filtrate go through the nephron?
glomerulus -> glomerular capsule -> PCT ->descending limb(LoH)->ascending limb (LoH) ->DCT -> collecting duct
What is the pH of urine?
6
What do WBCs in the urine indicate?
Bonus: what is pyuria?
UTI
pus in the urine
What are the regions of the kidney?
renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis
Which vessel brings blood to the glomerulus?
Bonus: away?
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
What ion(s) are important for generating the concentration gradient necessary for us to reabsorb water?
sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-)
How much urine is the normal daily output?
1-1.5 L
What disorder can be treated with lithotripsy?
renal calculus
(kidney stones)
What protective structures do the kidneys have?
fat and renal capsule
What are the capillaries termed that surround the nephron tubules?
peritubular capillaries
What creates the altered blood pressure within the glomerulus?
the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole.
What does glycosuria indicate?
excess sugar in urine
Define renal failure.
kidney loses ability to perform normal functions due to loss of functioning nephrons
What kind of muscle makes up the bladder?
Bonus: what is the trigone?
smooth
triangular area between ureter openings and urethra within the bladderWhat do the collecting ducts dump urine into?
Bonus: what do those then dump into?
minor calyces
major calyces
What hormone is responsible for regulating water reabsorption from the collecting duct?
Bonus: how?
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
stimulates incorporation of aquaporins into wall of collecting duct
Where does the color of urine come from?
Bonus: what is it?
urochrome
byproduct of breaking down hemoglobin
Explain the process of renal dialysis.
Basically pumps blood outside of body, filters through a semipermeable membrane in a machine, and returns the cleaned blood to the body
List all macrostructures of the urinary system.
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
What part of the nephron is in the renal medulla?
LoH
Explain what processes are occurring at the glomerulus, PCT, LoH, and DCT.
glomerular filtration
, reabsorption, secretion/reabsorption, secretion/reabsorptionWhat does specific gravity tell us?
the amount of dissolved substances in urine when compared to the standard of pure water (1.000)