The Enlightenment
A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems in Europe.
What is the Enlightenment?
Copernicus developed the idea that the sun is the center of the universe, known as the ...
What is the heliocentric theory?
American colonists became angry and resentful of Britain in the 1760s for this reason.
What is heavy taxes by on the colonists by Britain and no representation in Parliament?
Of the three estates, 98% belonged to this estate and was made up of these types of people.
What is the third estate, including peasants?
This leader and his men conducted a coup d'etat by marching into the Council of 500 and taking control of France.
Who was Napoleon Bonaparte?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote about an unwritten agreement between people and the government that the gives rights and duties of each, known as...
What is the social contract?
the belief that knowledge is gained by thinking things through using reason
What is rationalism?
On March 5, 1770 British soldiers fired on a mob of colonists, killing five people. This became known as ...
What is the Boston Massacre?
To raise money and pay off his war debt, this king wanted to impose a new tax on land.
Who was King Louis XVI?
This set of 2,281 new or altered laws in France created a state of confusion, but also protected basic freedoms and guaranteed equality before the law.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
John Locke believed people had these, including life, liberty, and property.
What are the natural rights?
The work of Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped to establish this process of studying a scientific idea.
What is the scientific method?
The First Continental Congress organized a _______________ by refusing to buy British goods.
What is a boycott?
This leader of the Jacobins ended the monarchy, established a republic, and declared a "policy of terror" against their opponents.
Who was Robespierre?
Napoleon held a coronation for himself and gave himself this title in 1799.
What is emperor?
Baron de Montesquieu believed this about how government should be structured.
What is to divide power among three branches (separation of powers)?
He developed the theory of gravity.
Who was Isaac Newton?
The Declaration of Independence emphasized the importance of natural rights, an idea developed by this Enlightenment thinker.
Who was John Locke?
Approximately 17,000 aristocrats and enemies of the Jacobins were killed during the Reign of Terror by this method of execution.
What is the guillotine?
Napoleon lost popularity among his people because of this.
What is the unsuccessful invasion of Russia?
Voltaire focused on tolerance and freedom of ______________ after seeing the destruction caused by European wars.
What is religion?
Galileo built a __________________ to disprove the geocentric theory. The Catholic Church said that believing the Earth wasn't the center of the universe was _______________ because it went against Church teachings.
What is a telescope and heresy?
This document, written by American delegates, divides power between central and local governments, and is the oldest written document of its kind that is still in effect today.
What is the American Constitution?
On July 14, 1789, French citizens who were frustrated with the king and his government attacked this important structure to get gunpowder, weapons, and prisoners.
What the Bastille?
This meeting between leaders of Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria aimed to bring lasting peace to Europe without any single state being in control.
What was the Congress of Vienna?