A
What term best describes a person’s sense of his or her own adequacy and worth?
A) Esteem
B) Self-esteem
C) Love
D) Self-actualization
Ans: B
Feedback:
Self-esteem is a person’s sense of his or her own adequacy and worth.
The function of self-concept in human beings is to serve as a frame of reference that:
A) sets limits for cognitive ability.
B) processes external stimuli from the environment.
C) evaluates events as they are occurring in life.
D) influences how one handles life situations.
Ans: D
Feedback:
Self-concept is the mental image a person has of oneself. Self-concept is the frame of reference that influences how a person handles situations and relationships. Self- concept does not exist in the domain of cognitive ability or processing stimuli.
A nurse wants to know about the client’s self-perception. Which question will assess for the client’s self-perception?
A) how do you view yourself in regard to your importance both in your job and in your life?
B) Do you feel people appreciate your accomplishments in your career? Do you like your life?
C) Can I ask you a question about your life? Are you aware of any failings you have experienced?
D) People with disabilities often feel threatened in their self-concept. Do you feel threatened?
Ans: A
Feedback:
Answer A represents a broad question that will provide a wide range of information regarding self-perception. Self-perception is how a person explains behavior based on self-observation.
A client states, “I’m concerned about my ability to take care of my mother because I’ve got a tendency to become impatient when I don’t see quick results.” This statement addresses which characteristic of the client?
A) Self-evaluation
B) Self-knowledge
C) Self-expectation
D) Social self
Ans: B
Self-knowledge or self-awareness involves the basic understanding of oneself, a cognitive perception. It is consciousness of one’s abilities and attributes: cognitive, affective, and physical. Self-concept is the way a person thinks about himself. Self- perception is how a person explains behavior based on self-observation. Self- evaluation primarily answers the question, "How well do I like myself?"
An adolescent states, “I want to go to college and learn to be a chef.” This is an example of:
A) self-perception.
B) self-knowledge.
C) self-expectation.
D) social self.
Ans: C
Feedback:
Self-expectation involves the ideal self, the self a person wants to be.
A soldier has lost his right leg in a roadside bomb. This accident will affect his:
A) body image
B) self-evaluation
C) self-perception
D) ideal self
Ans: A
Feedback:
The human body is the self’s physical manifestation. How a person pictures and feels about his body describes body image.
When the client with paraplegia demonstrates the ability to cope with personal deficiencies and to maximize strengths, the nurse determines that the client has developed:
A) self-determination
B) self-evaluation
C) self-esteem
D) self-image
Ans: C
Feedback:
The person with adequate self-esteem has learned to cope with personal deficiencies and to maximize strengths.
A male client brings his adult parents to the clinic. How would the nurse describe his role as a son?
A) Hereditary
B) Ascribed
C) Designated
D) Assumed
Ans: B
Feedback
An ascribed role is one in which the person has no choice, such as being born a son or daughter. An assumed role is one that the person selects, such as being a nurse. A designated role is one that is assigned by another, such as being made the contact person during a fire emergency. Heredity is the genes one inherits from their biologic parents.
In regard to development of self-concept, an infant:
A) plays independently with toys
B) has no separate existence
C) is not affected by self-concept
D) develops new roles daily
B
Newborns have undifferentiated selves; they do not experience separate existence from others
Preschoolers exhibit sexual curiosity. This builds the preschooler’s:
A) self-concept.
B) ideal self.
C) self-efficacy.
D) cognition.
Ans: A
Feedback:
Self-concept continues to develop actively during preschool years. Preschoolers’ sense of self become more defined this stage of development, children exhibit great sexual curiosity.
A nurse visits a 60-year-old client with diabetes in the home after the client’s left above-the-knee amputation. The client appears disheveled and with poor hygiene. The client also avoids making eye contact with the nurse. What is likely to occur as a result of the client’s reduced self-esteem?
A) Lethargy
B) Withdrawal
C) Self-care deficit
D) Lack of interest
Ans: C
Feedback:
Physical changes such as decreased strength, skin turgor, and sensory acuity affect body image in later life. Because of the valuation of youth in the media and popular culture, some older people experience lowered self-esteem with the changed body image.
A nurse student states, “I feel good that I put an indwelling catheter in my client without any problem even though it was an emergency.” This demonstrates which factor affecting self-concept?
A) Culture
B) Inadequate coping
C) Stress tolerance
D) Values
Ans: C
Feedback:
Coping and stress tolerance influence self-concept. People who are able to adapt to stress and resolve conflicts through coping tend to develop healthy self-concepts.
A newlywed couple has moved to another city due to a job opportunity. The couple would be at risk for alteration in self-concept related to:
A) inadequate coping
B) role strain
C) anxiety
D) stress
Ans: A
Feedback:
Lack of support systems and inability to prioritize and problem solve contribute to inadequate self-esteem.
The nurse promotes the self-concept of the parents of an infant age 6 months admitted to the hospital with a fever and dehydration by:
A) telling the parents that the infant's condition was not their fault.
B) allowing the parents to participate in the infant’s care.
C) encouraging the parents to visit the infant every other day.
D) educating the parents on health-maintenance behaviors.
Ans: B
Feedback:
When a person suffers from an illness or exhibits a self-concept dysfunction, family members may also be affected. Family members may need to assist the individual to perform activities of daily living, or may have to change the living situation with the use of adaptive equipment or other assistive devices.
To obtain subjective data about a burn client’s self-concept, the nurse should do what?
A) Ask the client how the client would describe themselves.
B) Observe the client's interactions with others.
C) Document the client’s lack of eye contact.
D) Note how the client conceals the wound.
Ans: A
Feedback:
Gordon (1997) suggests asking clients how they would describe themselves in the assessment of self-concept.
A female client, prominent in the local media, has had surgery for a colostomy. The client avoids looking at the colostomy and refuses visitors. Identify the most appropriate nursing diagnosis.
A) Altered self-esteem related to colostomy and poor self-image
B) Disturbed body image related to colostomy as evidenced by avoidance of colostomy
C) Fear of rejection by others related to colostomy and altered self-image
D) Altered role performance related to inability to cope with visitor
Ans: B
Feedback:
Disturbed body image possesses the clinical cues of behaviors of avoidance, monitoring, or acknowledgement of one’s body.
Asking a client to describe himself or herself is one way to assess his or her:
A) self-concept.
B) self-knowledge.
C) self-expectation.
D) social self.
Ans: A
Feedback:
Self-concept is the mental image a person has of himself or herself. It is the person’s meaning when stated as “ I” or “me.” Self-perception is how a person explains behavior based on self-observation. Self-knowledge or self-awareness involves a basic understanding of himself or herself, a cognitive perception. It is consciousness of one’s abilities: cognitive, affective, and physical. Social self is how a person sees himself or herself in relation to social situations, including behavior and interactions with others
A client is describing how the client thinks others see the client. This is a description of the client’s:
A) self-awareness.
B) social self.
C) self-concept.
D) self-perception.
Ans: B
Feedback:
Social self is how a person sees himself in relation to social situations, including behavior and interaction with others. Self-concept is the mental image a person has of himself or herself. It is the person’s meaning when stated as “I” or “me.” Self- perception is how a person explains behavior based on self-observation. Self- knowledge or self-awareness involves a basic understanding of himself or herself, a cognitive perception. It is consciousness of one’s abilities: cognitive, affective, and physical.
A group of nurses are attending a seminar on self-concept. Which statement by a nurse concerning self-esteem indicates a need for further education?
A) "Children whose parents set limitations on their behavior have higher self- esteem."
B) "Parental acceptance helps to increase a child’s self-esteem."
C) "Clear expectations set by parents help to increase a child’s self-esteem." D) "Children who agree with their parents’ opinions have higher self- esteem."
Ans: D
Feedback:
Parental acceptance, clear expectations, limitations, and freedom to express opinions are all associated with higher self-esteem in children.
Which client is at greatest risk of developing a damaged self-concept during a period of increased stress?
A) A single mother with a supportive family
B) A married female with a large network of friends
C) An older adult female who is newly widowed
D) A teenager who is active in his church
Ans: C
Feedback:
Coping and stress tolerance influence self-concept. People who are able to adapt to stress and resolve conflicts through coping tend to develop healthy self-concepts. Internal resources, such as a sense of humor and productivity under pressure, and external resources, such as strong support groups, enhance coping.
A newly married client is attempting to fulfill the role of wife, professional, and lover. She tells the nurse that she does not feel that she is fulfilling any of the roles well. The nurse will document this as:
A) role strain.
B) role ambiguity.
C) role conflict.
D) role transition.
Ans: A
Feedback:
Role strain occurs when the person perceives himself or herself as inadequate or unsuited for a role. This can occur in any role or because of numerous roles. People make multiple role transitions in a lifetime. Role ambiguity occurs when the person lacks knowledge of role expectations, which fosters anxiety and confusion. Role conflict is related to expectations concerning the role. Role conflict can be described as intrapersonal, interpersonal, or interrole.
A student nurse has recently started a new job in a long-term care facility. In the interview, the student was told that she would receive 2 weeks of orientation prior to working on her own. After the first night of work, the student was told she was now allowed to work on her own. This situation may lead to:
A) role conflict
B) role ambiguity
C) role strain
D) role transition
Ans: B
Feedback:
Role ambiguity occurs when the person lacks knowledge of role expectations, which fosters anxiety and confusion which can lead to feelings of uncertainty about how to be successful in this new role. Role conflict is related to expectations concerning the role. Role conflict can be described as intrapersonal (role expectations conflict with the person’s values), interpersonal (when the person’s expectations differ from that of some significant other), or interrole (exists when a person is expected to fulfill two or more roles simultaneously). Role strain occurs when the person perceives himself as inadequate or unsuited for a role. This can occur in any role or because of having to fill too many roles. People make multiple role transitions in a lifetime.
A nurse has just finished discussing therapeutic communication with a group of students on the unit. Which statement by a student indicates a need for further education?
Select all that apply.
A) "A nurse must possesses self-awareness to develop therapeutic relationships with her clients."
B) "Developing trust is essential in therapeutic relationships."
C) "Showing sympathy to your clients helps in developing therapeutic relationships."
D) "Effective communication is the key to therapeutic communication."
E) "Establishing rapport is not needed in a therapeutic relationship."
Ans: C, E
Feedback:
To develop therapeutic relationships, nurses must demonstrate great self-awareness and effective communication. Conveying a sense of friendship and trust helps establish rapport with clients. When empathy, not sympathy, is shown, clients believe that nurses understand their feelings and will care for their needs.
Which nursing interventions would address poor self-concept? Select all that apply.
A) Offer praise honestly.
B) Role model self-confidence.
C) Emphasize positive attributes in clients.
D) Assist clients in setting goals that may be tough to reach.
E) Teach clients to accept responsibility for themselves.
Ans: A, B, C, E
Feedback:
Nursing interventions that assist clients with positive self-evaluation can help change poor self-concept. Nursing interventions aimed at changing behavior also assist clients with self-concept problems. General measures that bring about behavioral changes include accepting responsibility for self, defining realistic goals, using resources to enact change, and rewarding positive outcomes. Goals must be realistic and achievable.
A school-age child is attending an afterschool function without his or her parents. Which stage, according to Erickson, is the child in?
A) Industry vs. inferiority
B) Initiative vs. guilt
C) Identity vs. role confusion
D) Autonomy vs. shame
Ans: A
Feedback:
School-age children are in the stage of industry vs. inferiority, in which socialization and competence are developing.