Microscope Mission
What is the technical field of using a microscope called?
microscopy
What are the two domains of life that consist of prokaryotic cells?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which organelle contains the cell's DNA and directs protein synthesis by making RNA?
The nucleus
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water (H₂O) across a selectively permeable membrane
What is the First Law of Thermodynamics
it states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transformed from one type to another
What are the two main measures of a microscope's quality?
magnification,resolution
What is the defining characteristic that prokaryotic cells lack?
Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus
What is the nickname for the Golgi apparatus, and what are its three main functions?
Its nickname is the "Post Office," and its functions are processing, protein sorting, and secretion
What are the two processes used to transport large molecules, like proteins and polysaccharides, across the membrane?
Exocytosis (moving materials out of the cell) and Endocytosis (bringing substances into the cell)
What are the protein catalysts found in living cells called?
enzymes
Which type of microscope mentioned in the sources is specifically designed to provide a 3D view at a lower magnification?
dissecting microscope
What is the substance found in the cell walls of Bacteria but not in Archaea?
Peptidoglycan
Which organelles are known as the "recycling centers" of the cell because they contain digestive enzymes?
Lysosomes
What is the difference between a uniporter and a symporter?
A uniporter transports a single molecule or ion, while a symporter transports two or more ions or molecules in the same direction
What is activation energy?
It is the initial input of energy required to start a reaction, allowing the reactants to reach an unstable transition state where bonds are weakened
Based on the descriptions, why can an electron microscope (like TEM or SEM) achieve a higher resolution than a light microscope?
beam of electrons
what are the three methods of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
What are the key structural and functional differences between the Smooth ER and the Rough ER?
The Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and is important in protein synthesis and making more membrane for itself. The Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is important in synthesizing lipids, oils, and steroids, as well as storing calcium ions
Which type of junction in animal cells allows small molecules and ions to flow between adjacent cells for communication?
Gap junctions
How do high temperatures and high reactant concentrations affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
causes the reaction to proceed more quickly
Which type of microscopy passes light directly through a sample using glass lenses to focus it?
Standard (bright field) light microscopy
Explain the endosymbiosis theory and what it proposes about the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
The endosymbiosis theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from bacteria that started living inside a larger eukaryotic host cell. This is a symbiotic relationship where a smaller species lives inside a larger one
What is the endomembrane system, and which six organelles/structures are considered part of it?
It is a series of internal membranes where organelles are connected either physically or by transport vesicles. The system includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
What are the three types of endocytosis?
1. Phagocytosis:
2. Pinocytosis:
3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
what role do enzymes play?
Enzymes act as catalysts to increase the rates of these reactions by lowering the activation energy, making them happen much faster