Microscope Stuff I
Microscope Stuff II
Gram Staining I
Gram Staining II
MISC.
100
Contrast – differences in intensity b. Energy source to magnify a. light, UV, electrons; b. the shorter the wavelength – the greater the magnification c. Total magnification – Ocular X Objective d. Resolution – ability to distinguish between two close objects a. Higher resolution at greater magnifications e. Refraction – bending of light waves and the effect on resolution (clarity) a. oil immersion- use oil to decrease refraction
What is light microscope
100
a. Energy source is electrons – short wavelength, good resolution b. Greater resolving power and magnification c. Magnifies objects 10,000X to 100,000X d. Detailed view of bacteria, viruses, ultrastructure, and large atoms
What is electron microscope
100
Coloring the microbe with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
What is staining
100
In this type of dye the chromophore is an negative ion (anion) b. Repelled by negative charge on bacterial cell c. Used in negative staining procedure a. Stains background/slide and not the bacterial cell b. Results in a dark background with clear cells
What is acidic dye
100
environmentally resistant stage of some bacteria i. Produced in unfavorable growth conditions ii. Can be viewed using gram stain 1. Highly refractive 2. Usually appear as clear circle inside of stained cell 3. Though difficult to differentiate from cellular inclusions iii. The _____ itself cannot be stained by simple stains and gram stain 1. Dyes do not penetrate wall of ____________ (THINK CDIFF)
What is an endospore
200
Light background with dark specimen b. Compound – uses a series of lenses for magnification c. Light passes through specimen, from underneath, into objective lens d. Total magnification (objective lens X ocular lens) e. Most have condenser lens (direct light through specimen) f. Uses a. Killed stained specimens b. Live colored organisms
What is Bright - field microscope
200
i. Used to observe detail of internal structures ii. Requires cutting specimens into very thinn (100 nm thick) slices
What is transmission electron microscope
200
A thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide
What is a smear
200
this can be used to: a. hold the stain b. coat the specimen to enlarge it
What is mordant
200
the following are used for what purpose: 1. Shapes of bacteria – staining with microscopy 2. Reproduction – binary fission, host cell, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction (mitosis) 3. Arrangements – staining with microscopy 4. Physical characteristics – microscopy, colony morphology etc.
What is classifying microbes
300
a. Increases contrast – dark background with light specimen on darkfield b. Best for observing live colorless objects c. polarized light d. Used with organisms that are difficult to stain a. Treponema pallida (causative agent of Syphilis) e. Displays the organism but is not helpful with internal anatomy.
What is Dark field microscope
300
i. Used to observe extreme detail of the ultrastructure (surface) of an organism or sample ii. Can only observe dead organisms iii. Organism coated with a metal (palatium or gold)
What is scanning electron microscope
300
this process is used to attach the microbes to the slide and to kill the microbes
What is fixation
300
These types of stains can be be used to: 1. Distinguish between bacteria 2. Typically uses more than one stain common types are: gram staining and acid-fast stains
What is differential stains
300
i. Provides protection from phagocytosis ii. Virulence factor – allows microbe to evade immune system and cause disease
What is a capsule
400
a. Displays internal structures b. Utilizes special filter to slightly change light waver, producing more contrast
What is phase microscope
400
b. Uses needle like probe to map surface of a specimen c. Uses electron flow to measure the distances between probe and surface of an object d. Magnifies more than 100,000,000X (SUPER FINE DETAIL)
What is probe microscope
400
these types of stains consist of a positive and negative ion so the bacteria is able to be stained
What is a basic dye
400
when gram staining it is crucial to rinse this right away in order to not strip away the primary stain and mordant
What is alcohol
400
this type of stain allows the specimen to appear as colored cells with a halo around them on a dark background
What is capsule staining
500
Direct UV light source at specimen b. Specimen radiates energy back as a visible wavelength c. UV light increases resolution and contrast d. Specific staining with immunofluorescence a. Add antibodies (with attached fluorescent dye) specific for an antigen on the surface of a microbe b. If microbe is present and antibodies attach, UV light causes organism to emit light c. If microbe is absent, you see nothing. d. Allows for the localization fo specific chemicals or structures
What is fluorescent microscope
500
colored salts in stains
What is chromophore:
500
this indicates the presence of fatty acids a. For bacteria that have waxy material in cell walls b. Mycobacterium (tuberculosis and leprae) c. Nocardia
What is acid-fast stains
500
endospore staining name
What is Schaeffer-Fulton endospore stain
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