misc
manifestations of hypoxemia?
polycythemia and clubbing (CHRONIC sign of respiratory problem)
blood is delivered to appropriate places, which are the ______ _____ and ______ __________ and after birth these are supposed to close and if they don't it can cause a congenital heart defect
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
manifestation of a child with Coarctation of the Aorta?
high blood pressure in the upper extremities (bounding pulses up top and weak at bottom)
during a cardiac catheterization, what do you need to assess for before the procedure?
assess for shellfish and iodine allergies because of the dye that is used
what labs that will be seen in someone with acute renal failure... will these lab levels be increased or decreased?
potassium, sodium, calcium, BUN and Creatinine
HYPERkalemia (increased potassium)
HYPOnatremia (decreased sodium)
HYPOcalcemia (decreased calcium)
BUN and creatinine increased
what does Rheumatic fever develop after?
what is a manifestation of rheumatic fever?
develops after infection of the upper respiratory tract; usually 2-6 weeks after a strep infection if not treated
manifestation: Aschoff bodies (rash on trunk or inner aspects of the upper arms/thighs that gives rise to red lesions with blanched centers- found in the heart, blood vessels, brain, and serious surfaces of the joints and pleura)
increased pulmonary blood flood; obstruction to blood flow from ventricles
decreased pulmonary blood flow; mixed blood flow
which one is cyanotic and which one is acyanotic?
ACYANOTIC: increased pulmonary blood flood; obstruction to blood flow from ventricles
CYANOTIC: decreased pulmonary blood flow; mixed blood flow
Aortic Stenosis results in (increased/decreased) cardiac output?
manifestations?
decreased cardiac output
manifestations: murmur, exercise intolerance, chest pain, dizziness when standing for long periods
blood flows from an area of ___ concentration to one of ___ pressure
higher concentration
lower pressure
what is hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia)?
excessive lipids (excessive cholesterol in the blood)
heart transplantation: what is a heterotopic procedure?
heart is implanted while the patients own heart stays in place (rarely performed in children)
muffled heart sounds (IS or IS NOT) normal
murmurs in children with heart defects (IS or IS NOT) normal
muffled heart sounds IS NOT normal
murmurs in children with heart defects IS normal (would not tell physician because it is expected)
Tetralogy of fallot: combination of what four cardiac defects?
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
right ventricular outflow obstruction
right ventricular hypertrophy
overriding aorta
what is the best treatment of a Ventricular septal defect?
surgery
blood flow through the heart:
deoxygenated blood from the ___, goes to the ___ to be oxygenated, leaves the ___ to be pumped to the body
body
lungs
aorta
manifestations of systemic hypertension in infants/young children VS adolescents/older children?
infants: irritability, head banging or rubbing, waking up screaming
adolescents: frequent headaches, dizziness, changes in vision
a child with cyanosis will usually have an O2 sat of?
a) 65-85%
b) 75-95%
c) 100%
therapeutic management of a "tet spell" with Tetralogy of fallot (in order)
knee chest position
administer oxygen
morphine
small frequent feedings
bacterial (infective) endocarditis can be caused by something as simple as a _____?
therapeutic management of bacterial endocarditis?
dental extraction
management: treat the infecting organism (test with blood cultures)
cyanotic: ___ babies
acyanotic: ___ babies
blue
pink
manifestations of Kawasaki disease?
fever, strawberry tongue, skin peeling off
what is a manifestation of a child with patent ductus arteriosus?
congestive heart failure:
left sided failure symptoms?
right sided failure symptoms?
left sided: crackles, wheezes, cough dyspnea, grunting, head bobbing, nasal flaring, orthopnea, cyanosis, retractions, and tachypnea
right sided: ascites, hepatosplenomegaly, jugular vein dissension, oliguria, peripheral edge, and weight gain
what information does a cardiac catheterization provide?
how is this test performed?
provides information about oxygen saturation of blood
performed by placing a catheter into a vein or artery
therapeutic management of a child with systemic hypertension?
diagnose and treat the underlying cause (intervene early in children)