Some synaptic
What direction do action potentials travel?
towards the synaptic terminal
What must occur for a sensory pathway to begin?
sensory reception must occur.
senses physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy
mechanoreceptors.
The auditory nerve is directly connected to which part of the inner ear?
the Cochlea, more specifically the tectorial membrane
What helps action potentials to move with greater speed
myelin sheath created by glia (CNS: oligodendrocytes, PNS: Schwann cells)
A change in the membrane potential of the receptor is known as a ...
receptor potential
transmit information about total solute concentration of a solution
chemoreceptors.
What is another term for organism's movements where energy is used to overcome friction and gravity. Give three examples.
Locomotion,
walking/running,
swimming,
flying
When post synaptic potentials combine to form a larger potential, it is known as
summation
What occurs during sensory transduction?
stimulus energy is converted into a change in membrane potential of a sensory receptor.
stimuli that detect stimuli reflecting harmful conditions are ________, also known as _______
pain receptors or nociceptors.
List the three parts of the middle ear that are small bones moving to the rhythm of the ear drum
malleus (hammer),
incus (anvil),
Stapes (stirrup)
Explain the difference between temporal and spatial summation
temporal- produced in rapid succession from the same synapse.
spatial- produced almost simultaneously by different synapses on the same post-synaptic neuron.
What occurs during transmission in a sensory pathway?
action potentials travel through the nervous system and the size of a receptor potential increases with the intensity of the stimulus.
receptors that detect heat and cold. Give an example.
thermoreceptors. snakes can use thermoreceptors to detect infrared radiation from prey.
Explain the role of each photoreceptor and how their signals reach the brain
Rods: sense light
Cones: sense color
Bipolar cells move the signals to ganglions which are connected to the optic nerve fibers.
The most common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates (and 2 examples of applications)
acetylcholine
muscle stimulation, memory formation, learning
Explain the concepts of amplification and Sensory Adaptation. How do they differ?
Amplification: strengthening of sensory signal during transduction.
Sensory Adaptation: a decrease in responsiveness to continued stimuli.
Difference: amplification boosts signal strength, adaptation blocks out some responsiveness, quiets the signal response.
Give an example of how organisms use electromagnetic receptors?
many migratory species like birds sense the Earth's magnetic field to orient themselves.
What does the sliding-filament model say:
Thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments ratchet past each other longitudinally powered by the myosin molecules.