Ready to take the test!
What type of learning pairs two stimuli together so that a neutral stimulus begins triggering an involuntary response?
What is classical conditioning?
What type of conditioning modifies voluntary behavior through the use of consequences like rewards and punishments?
What is operant conditioning?
Which type of conditioning focuses on involuntary, automatic responses?
What is classical conditioning?
What term describes learning that occurs without any immediate reward and remains hidden until there is a reason to demonstrate it?
What is latent learning?
What type of learning occurs by watching and imitating the actions of others?
What is observational learning?
In Ivan Pavlov’s experiments, what was the food that naturally triggered salivation before any training?
What is the unconditioned stimulus (US)?
What reinforcement procedure involves rewarding small, successive approximations toward a target behavior?
What is shaping?
What schedule of reinforcement rewards behavior after an unpredictable number of responses, making it highly resistant to extinction?
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
What mental representation of one's physical environment do rats construct while exploring a maze?
What is a cognitive map?
What frontal lobe brain cells fire both when performing an action and when observing someone else perform that same action?
What are mirror neurons?
What process occurs when a conditioned response gradually fades because the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus?
What is extinction?
Does negative reinforcement increase or decrease the likelihood that a behavior will happen again?
What is increase? (Negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus to strengthen behavior).
What schedule of reinforcement delivers a reward for the first response after a set, predictable amount of time has passed?
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
What biological phenomenon occurs when animals revert back to biologically predisposed patterns instead of maintaining trained operant behaviors?
What is instinctive drift?
What famous study by Albert Bandura demonstrated that children imitate aggressive acts performed by adults toward an inflatable toy?
What is the Bobo Doll experiment?
A child gets nauseous every time they smell hand sanitizer after getting sick right after using a scented hand sanitizer last month. What is the scented sanitizer in this scenario?
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)?
You buckle your seatbelt to stop the annoying buzzing noise your car makes. What type of consequence is driving this behavior?
What is negative reinforcement?
A coffee shop gives you a free drink after every 10 coffee purchases on your loyalty card. What schedule of reinforcement is this?
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
John Garcia gave rats flavored water followed by radiation that made them sick. What biological adaptation did the rats develop, even when sickness occurred hours later?
What is taste aversion (or the Garcia Effect)?
A teenager sees their older sibling get grounded for staying out past curfew, so the teenager decides to always come home on time. What form of learning influenced the teenager?
What is vicarious punishment?
John Watson exposed Little Albert to a white rat paired with a loud bang, causing fear. Later, Albert feared white rabbits and fur coats. What principle explains his fear of similar items?
What is stimulus generalization?
A teacher assigns extra homework pages to a student who was talking out of turn during class. What type of consequence did the teacher use?
What is positive punishment?
Slot machines payout after a random number of pulls, while checking your phone for a text every 10 minutes relies on time. What two schedules are being used here, respectively?
What are variable-ratio and fixed-interval schedules?
A student walks through a new school campus without studying a map. Later, when asked to direct a friend to the library, they do so effortlessly. What type of learning took place during their initial walk?
What is latent learning?
An older child regularly volunteers at a food pantry and helps neighbors with yard work, inspiring younger siblings to do the same. What term describes this constructive, helpful behavior?
What is prosocial behavior?