Bivariate
Associations that involve exactly two variables
Bivariate Correlations
_______designs help address temporal precedence.
Longitudinal
designs involve more than two measured variables.
Multivariate
What are the three causal criteria?
Covariance, Temporal Precedence, Ruling Out Third Variables
To ____________ means to hold constant
control for
describes the strength of an association
Effect size
the correlation of each variable with itself across time.
Autocorrelations
___________ analyses help address internal validity.
Multiple regression
There must be an association between the cause variable (A) and the effect variable (B).
Covariance
a step between two variables
Mediator
one or more extreme scores that lie far away from the rest of the scores
Outlier
the degree to which an earlier measure of one variable is associated with a later measure of the other variable; examines how people change over time.
Cross-lag correlations
“dependent variable” or the variable that you’re most interested in understanding and predicting.
Criterion variable
The causal variable (A) must come before the effect variable (B).
Temporal precedence
When the relationship between two variables changes depending on the level of another variable, that other variable is called a ______.
Moderator
when the correlation coefficient is zero (or close to zero), and the relationship between two variables isn’t a straight line
Curvilinear association
tests of whether two variables measured at the same point in time are correlated
Cross-sectional correlations
“independent variables” or the other variables measured.
Predictor variables
Is there an alternative explanation for the association?
Third-variable problem
Why not just do an experiment?
In many cases participants cannot be randomly assigned to a variable.
What makes a study correlational
Having two measured variables
Name the 3 types of longitudinal designs
–Cross-sectional correlations
–Autocorrelations
–Cross-lag correlations
This represents the relationship between the predictor variable and the criterion variable, when the other predictor variables in the table are controlled for.
Beta β
simplicity; the degree to which a good scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon
Parsimony
can control third variables but can’t establish temporal precedence
Multiple regression