Cell Growth
What is the square-cube law?
If you increase the length of a side, volume grows faster than surface area
What is Chromatin and how does it relate to Chromosomes
Chromatin is a substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones that is found inside chromosomes
What are the two proteins that regulate the cell cycle
Cyclin and Growth factors
What are the 3 -potent and what can they do?
Totipotent – cells that can develop into any type of cell in the body
Pluripotent – cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body’s cell types.
Multipotent – cell with limited potential to develop into a certain type of cell within a tissue
What are two types of cells that don't rarely divide?
Nerve cless and Muscle cells (because of micro- tears)
Define Asexual reproduction
Process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Which phase is the longest and where G1, S, and G2 occur?
Interphase
What is Apoptosis and what is its purpose
A process of programmed cell death and is Important role in structuring tissues during growth and development.
What is the definition of Differentiation?
process in which cells become more specialized in structure and function
How many cells are in the human body?
100 trillion
Fill in the blank:
Sexual reproduction involves the ____ of two separate
parent cells
Fusion
phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Metaphase
What is cancer and how does it relate to a tumor?
Cancer – a disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth. A tumor is a mass of rapidly dividing cells that lose the ability to control growth.
Why are stem cells so important?
Stem cells are unspecialized cell that
can give become more types of specialized cells making it very useful for people with diseases/tumors.
What is an embryo?
developing stage of a multicellular organism
What is the downsides and upsides of Asexual reproduction
Produce many offspring in
short period
Don’t need to find a mate
In stable environments,
genetically identical offspring
thrive.
If conditions change, offspring
not well adapted.
What are Chromatid and Centromere
A chromatid is one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome
A Centromere is a region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids attach
What are the 3 reason cancer is bad and what do they mean?
Cell crowding – cancer cells push healthy cells out of
where they’re supposed to be, making that particular
tissue/organ more vulnerable and inefficient
Starvation – cancer cells steal nutrients from healthy
cells around them, starving them out so they cannot
survive
Metastasis – cancer cells can move to other parts of the body where they aren’t supposed to be, leading to more of the other two
Where do most stem cells donated by adults come from?
Bone morrow
How do cells heal injuries?
By being told to start dividing rapidly to form more of that type of cell to heal.
Why do cells divide
How do plant and animal cells divide? (hint they are different)
In animal cells, cytokinesis pinching the cell membrane inward, eventually splitting the cell in two.
In plant cells a structure called the cell plate forms in the middle of the cell.
What are the 3 ways to remove cancer?
Surgery to remove localized tumor.
Radiation to destroy cancer cell DNA.
Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.
What is Blastocyst?
A stage of early development in mammals that consists of a hollow ball of cells
What do scientists believe is the main cause of cancer for most people?
They think it is caused by a defect in genes that control cell growth and division.