General
what is another name for the innate immune system? adaptive?
The nonspecific defense system; specific defense system
what are the internal defenses in the innate immune system
phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation (macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, inflammatory chemicals), antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins), fever
what are the two main branches of the adaptive system
humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity and cellular (cell-mediated) immunity
T cells provide defense against ________ antigens
intracellular
what cells are seen in cellular immunity
what is a shortcoming of the adaptive immune system
most be primed by initial exposure to specific foreign substance - takes time
what are phagocytes? neutrophils? macrophages?
phagocytes - white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
neutrophils - most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
macrophages - develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell
what are the two classes of MHC proteins
Class 1 - displayed by all cells except R B Cs
Class 2 - displayed by A P Cs (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells)
describe CD4 cells
typically become help T cells, some become regulatory cells or memory T cells
what are natural killer cells
non-phagocytic
attack cells that don't have 'self' cell-surface receptors
induce apoptosis in cancer and virus-infected cells
what are the major types of antigen-presenting cells
dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
what are the benefits of a moderate fever
causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)
increase metabolic rate, which increases rate of repair
what happens to clone cells that do not become plasma cells
they become memory cells - provide immunological memory, mount an immediate response to future exposures to the same antigen
where do T cells mature
thymus
what are three characteristics of the adaptive immune system
specific - recognizes and targets specific antigens
systemic - –not restricted to initial site
memory - mounts an even stronger attack to “known” antigens
what type of vaccine was the covid vaccine (inactivated, live-attenuated, mRNA, toxoid, viral vector, etc.)
mRNA
what are the benefits of inflammation
prevents spread of damaging agents
disposes of cell debris and pathogens
alerts adaptive immune system
sets the stage for repair
how can active humoral immunity be artificially acquired
vaccine; dead/attenuated pathogens
what do T cells respond to (be specific)
T cells respond only to processed fragments of antigens displayed on cell surfaces by major histocompatibility complex proteins
what are the stages of inflammation
inflammatory chemical release, vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, phagocyte mobilization
where are antibodies produced
lymphocytes
what is chemotaxis
4th stage of phagocyte mobilization
neutrophils follow a chemical trail, monocytes arrive later and replace dying neutrophils
describe the secondary immune response
re-exposure to the same antigen gives a faster, more prolonged, more effective response
sensitized memory cells provide immunological memory
respond within hours, not days
CD4 bells bind to which class of MHC proteins, CD8?
CD4 - if they become helper T cells, only bind to class II MHC proteins
CD8 - if they become cytotoxic, only bind to class I MHC proteins
after receiving a covid vaccine, what protein is produced in human cells
Spike protein - inducing an antibody response