defining sx
defining sx of hepatitis
- jaundice - hepatitis
defining sx of corona virus
- loss of sense of taste/smell - covid-19
what causes the genetic changes in shift vs drift
- drift: only 1 influenza virus enters the host cell and makes small changes when replicating and a new strain of influenza that differs slightly from the original virus exits
- shfit: 2 different strains of influenza enter the same host cell. genes and antigens from both viral types are incorporated into new virions. a new virus exits that can be very different from both original viruses.
What method does HIV use to exit the host
- budding
defining sx of morbillivirus
- koplik's spots - measles
defining sx of ebola
- bleeding from eyes, ear, mouth (ebolavirus disease) EVD
what do reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease do
- reverse transcriptase: used to transcribe viral RNA to DNA
- integrase: used to insert the DNA copy into the host chromosome
- protease: cuts the polyprotein chain so that the virus can mature (after budding)
what RNA viruses indice the formation of syncytia in host cells
- HIV
- morbillivirus
- rubulavirus
- pneumovirus
defining sx of rubulavirus
- swollen face (chipmunk cheeks) - mumps
which RNA viruses have vaccines
- poliovirus
- hepatitis A virus
- rubella virus
- coronavirus
- morbillivirus
- rubulavirus
- ebola virus
- orthomyxovirus (influenza)
- rhabdovirus (rabies)
how does the segmented nature of influeza gene contribute to antigenic shift
allows for reassortment
how does +ssRNA virus replicate its genome
- genome stays in cytoplasms
- viral +ssRNA acts as mRNA & is translated on host ribosomes
- viral-encoded RNA-polymerase makes -ssRNA strand
- Used as template to copy viral genome
defining sx of poliovirus
- paralysis - polio
difference in antigenic shift and antigenic drift
drift: more gradual changes to how the influenza virus replicates. happens every 1-2 years
shift: a dramatic change. happens about once a decade or a huge one every 100 years
what are the 2 major glycoproteins that are on the surface of HIV envelope that allow it to attach to target cells.
gp120
gp41
how does -ssRNA virus replicate its genome
- genome stays in cytoplasm
- viral -ssRNA cannot act as mRNA
- viral enzyme makes +RNA copy. RNA-dependant RNA transcriptase is contained in capsid along w/ genome
- +ssRNA translated on host ribosomes
- +ssRNA also used as template to make more -ssRNA genome
defining sx of rubella virus
- pink/red rash that begins on face - rubella
what are the 2 primary antigens found on the envelope of the influenza virus
- hemagglutinin (HA)
- neuraminadase (NA)
its how they name the strains of influeza
what is the primary receptor on target cells that HIV binds to & what are it's co-receptors required for proper attachement to target cells
- CD4
- CCR5 & CXCR4
how do retrovirus replicate its genome
- reverse transcriptase makes DNA copy. viral enzyme contained in capsid
- DNA enters nucleus & integrates into chromosome
- host RNA polyerase transcribes to RNA
- host ribosomes translate to protein