Turn coordination
Skidding turn
When your turn radius is decreased (too much rudder)
The yaw produced from the propeller blades creating different lift quantities from each other.
P-factor
N=L/D
Load factor equation
Maneuver envelope
The speed and load factor boundaries a given aircraft can safely fly within.
At high airspeeds, dynamic pressure may create forces on the control surfaces which exceed the pilot’s ability to overcome.
Controllability
Slipping turn
Turn radius is increased (not enough rudder)
When is P-factor typically most prevalent?
AoAs that differ greatly from cruise AoA i.e (High AoA climbs)
The greatest load factor an airplane can experience without incurring permanent structural damage.
Limit load
This will always be lower than the ultimate and elastic limit loads.
The maximum load factor that an airplane can produce based on airspeed.
(Another way to say this is)
Accelerated stall line
CLmax AOA
Why are they dangerous?
Wake turbulence
These vortices are experienced from rapid changes in the relative wind and can stall you, as well as can cause disruptions in airflow to the engine.
"Wing down, top rudder"
useful for what?
Slipping turn
useful for landing in a crosswind
Rotating air that travels around the fuselage and renders a higher AoA to the vertical stabilizer, pushing it right, which causes leftwards yaw.
Slipstream swirl.
Ultimate load vs elastic load
Ultimate load is the maximum load factor a plane can withstand without structural failure.
Elastic load is the maximum load that can be applied to a component without permanent damage to that component.
The point where the accelerated stall line and the limit load factor line intersect
Maneuver point
Avoiding wake turbulence
Fly high and land ahead
Give at least 2 minutes between their takeoff and your land or vice versa.
Describe: "step on the ball"
If the ball indicator is towards a certain direction, apply rudder in that direction to get straight and level.
Rudder right and utilizing the lateral control stick.
Countermeasures for the slipstream swirl.
The condition that will cause possible damage to the structure of an airplane due to exceeding its limit load factor.
Overstress/Over G
the lowest airspeed at which the limit load factor can be reached
It is also where two things intersect
Maneuver speed
This is where accelerated stall line and limit load factor line
Three biggest factors of wake turbulence
Adverse yaw
unwanted or uncoordinated movement on the vertical axis of the airplane.
the two basic requirements for P-factor to have a noticeable effect
The engine must be set to a high-power condition, and the thrust axis must be displaced from the relative wind
Losing altitude due to a greater weight than lift vector occurs because
During a turn, the lift vector is divided into two components, horizontal and vertical. Thus only the vertical lift vector supports the weight of the aircraft.
The highest airspeed an airplane is allowed to fly.
Redline airspeed
Fly faster than it and you might explode
A rapid change in the relative wind
How do we counteract this
Wind shear
The technique to avoid them depends on your reaction, overreacting can be dangerous and cause things like rollovers. Same with underreacting.