Species Interactions
Give an example of interspecific competition
any two different species fighting for a resource
What is the meaning of the prefix Intra-
"Within" or "on the inside"
What is the gradual change in species composition in a given area called?
ecological succession
What four variables govern changes in population growth?
birth, death, immigration, and emigration
Give an example of a predator
Any apex predator
parasitism differs from mutualism by
parasitism benefits the parasite and harms the host, in mutualism both organisms benefit
Define Interspecific competition
One species becoming more efficient than others at obtaining resources
Competition among different species
Define inertia and give an example of inertia in an ecosystem
Grasslands have low inertia
Rainforests have high inertia
What does a survivorship curve show? What are the three types?
shows percentages of members of population surviving at different ages
late loss, early loss, and constant loss
The relationship between a remora fish and a shark
Mutualistic
Name the example from class that describes the use of mimicry
King Snake and Coral Snake
a natural selection process in which change in the gene pool of one species lead to changes in the gene pool of another species
coevolution
Stability is maintained in a living system by
through the presence of both ecological inertia and ecological resilience
How is a K-selected species different from and R-selected species
K-selected are usually large, have long life spans while R-selected have short life spans and provide many small offspring
Describe three ways in which a predator can increase their chances of feeding on their prey and three ways in which prey species can avoid their predators
Predators may hunt in groups, chase after their prey, or use camouflage and chemicals
Prey may develop higher senses, camouflage, use chemicals, bad taste, or warning coloration
Explain what occurs if the niches of two species overlap and they share the same resources
When niches overlap, species must compete for key resources. one species has to adapt, move area, suffer population decline, or become extinct.
What is resource partitioning?
species competing for similar limited resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to "share" those resources
Distinguish between primary ecological succession and secondary ecological success
primary is the gradual establishment of communities of different species in a lifeless area
secondary begins in an area wher4e an ecosystem has been disturbed or destroyed
Describe the reproductive patterns of r-selected species
They have a capacity for high rate of population increase. They have short life spans and produce many small offspring
What is a population's age structure, and what are the three major age groups called?
The distribution of individuals among various age groups; pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive
coevolution leads to mimicry because
as one species evolves a defense mechanism, the other may evolve mimicry of hat defense mechanism
The ability of an ecosystem to be restored through secondary ecological succession after a severe disturbance
resilience
describe how a rainforest can reach a point when it cannot be restored by secondary ecological succession
when a lot of damage has been done to a rain forest, such as clearing the land, the resilience might be too low for secondary succession to occur
Which Survivorship curve applies to humans? why?
humas are a late loss species because they have long life spans and few offspring
A hummingbird has a long, slender beak, and a specific type of flower has a deep, tubular shape. The hummingbird is able to access nectar from deep inside the flower, while also pollinating it in the process. Over time, a change in the beak length of the hummingbird could lead to a change in the depth of the flower's tube. This is an example of?
Coevolution