Race
This term refers to movement in which Afro-descendant people (both in Latin America and worldwide) sought to unite and create a shared identity based on their African heritage and experience of racism and oppression.
What is Pan-Africanism?
This organization, established in Mexico in 1917, aimed to improve the lives of rural workers and peasants through land reform and social programs.
What is the National Agrarian Council?
Mexico granted women's suffrage in this year.
1958
Give an example of how indigenous handicrafts survived in Latin America.
Why did indigenismo "play out differently" in Guatemala than it did in Mexico?
What invention enabled the Chilean army to defeat the Mapuche and resettle the survivors on reservations?
What is the Gattling Gun?
Which group of women did Uruguay's 1934 suffrage exclude?
Immigrants
What is the name of the Mexican muralist who created large-scale murals depicting the country's history and social struggles, and played a key role in promoting cultural nationalism in Mexico? (husband of Frida Kahlo)
Who is Diego Rivera?
This term refers to the the process of assimilating indigenous people through cultural blending, in hopes of achieving a uniform national identity.
What is mestizaje?
From 1926-1929, pious laypersons in Mexico's center-west region launched this revolt in response to anti-Catholic legislation.
What is the Cristero Revolt? (La Cristiada)
Mexican President Lazaro Cardenas sought women's collaboration in these moral campaigns. (Name at least one)
What are curbing alcoholism, reining in gambling, and promoting better hygiene?
This artist, the daughter of a German photographer and Mexican-born mother expressed themes of Mexican nationalism in her paintings.
Who is Frida Kahlo?
This term refers to mestizas whose culture closely resembled indigenous people and had no intention of conforming to elite white ideals.
What are cholas?
This Mexican social reform experiment remained Latin America's most extensive land reform program until the Cuban Revolution?
What is the Agrarian Reform Program?
This Latin American country was the first in the region to grant women's suffrage.
What is Ecuador? (1929)
This 1944 Mexican film illustrated the contradiction implicit in the country's two expressions of cultural nationalism: indigenismo and mestizaje.
What is Maria Candelaria?
In 1925, Jose Vasconcelos, Mexican secretary of education, published this deeply influential book offering a vision of a more inclusive society.
What is La Raza Cosmica? (Cosmic Race)
This Mexican president viewed the Catholic Church as an obstacle to incorporate indigenous people into the nation. He ordered the close of parochial schools, limited the number of priests in certain states, and restricted the ability of priests to perform sacraments publicly.
Who is President Plutarco Elias Calles?
These Pan-American feminists brought together women's rights activists across South America in the 1920s and 30s. (Name at least one)
Paulina Luisi and Bertha Lutz
This Brazilian musical genre, which combines African rhythms with Brazilian melodies and was popularized in the 1930s and 1940s, played a key role in the development of a distinctive Brazilian cultural identity.
What is samba?