The Renaissance
The Renaissance was the rebirth of these two major classical civilizations.
Greece and Rome
Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation by nailing this on the door of the Wittenburg Church.
95 Theses
The Enlightenment was marked by the increase use of logic, reason, and utility to challenge traditional society and government. On which continent did this occur?
Europe
Heliocentric
The Renaissance originated in this country due to trade, wealth, and proximity to ancient Rome.
Italy
This innovation from China and the Middle East was instrumental in spreading the ideas of the Reformation.
The Printing Press
This type of monarch in Europe was the target of Enlightenment ideas that promoted liberalism and democracy.
Absolute Monarchs
Philosophers like Francis Bacon created this process to prove hypothesis through observation and experimentation.
The Scientific Method
This humanist playwright demonstrated the impact of Greece and Rome in the Renaissance by setting his most famous story in Verona, Italy and writing a play about the most famous leader of ancient Rome.
William Shakespeare
The selling of these, in order to build St. Peter's Basilica, was the catalyst to the Protestant Reformation.
Indulgences
This prior movement established the belief that logic, reason, evidence, and utility of the mind can help us understand the universe -- paving the way for those same principles to be used to understand society and government.
The Scientific Revolution
Because it went against their teachings and led people to question their authority on understanding the world; this institution was often hesistant or resistant to the findings of early scientists, as seen with their treatment of Galileo.
The Catholic Church
This mindset focused on the importance and potential of human beings, as opposed to supernatural matters.
Humanism
The Thirty Years' War
Thomas Hobbes and other thinkers argued that this agreement existed between the people and the government; where subjects are obligated to support government as long as they uphold their end of the deal.
Social Contract
His work, particularly his laws of motion and theory of gravity, laid the foundation for the modern scientific understanding of the natural world and the universe.
Isaac Newton
This mindset that grew during the Renaissance promoted the removal of the church from state matters and skepticism of religion in cultural matters.
Secularism
This Catholic order was established for the purpose of combatting the spread of Protestantism. Their main contributions to the Counter-Reformation were building schools and becoming missionaries.
Jesuits
When Thomas Jefferson wrote about Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness in the Declaration of Independnece, he was channeling what Enlightenment thinker?
John Locke
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier expanded on Hennig Brand's discovery of these; where there are now 118 identified by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Elements
Learning in the Renaissance was based on the revival of Greek and Roman thought; turning away from this medieval education system -- where knowledge was based on theology and doctrine.
Scholasticism
Tomas de Torquemada was a major official for this, a period of investigation in Spain where the Catholic Church used torture to find "fake Christians."
The Spanish Inquisition
These were the three natural rights promoted by John Locke.
Life, Liberty, and Property
Galileo Galilei
Petrarch was a major advocate for classical education, coining the era before the Renaissance as the "Middle Ages", a period of cultural stagnation and decline that is often synonymous with this misnomer.
Dark Ages
This monarch revoked the Edict of Nantes and expelled protestants from his country as a way to create a more unified state under his control.
Louis XIV
Enlightenment ideas spread quickly in France and England because printed materials and opportunities for discussion were available in restaurants where the price of a penny could gain anyone admission and a cup of this.
Coffee
This numeric system from Asia was instrumental in allowing mathematical equations and formulas to be created in Europe.
Hindu-Arabic Numbers
This family rose to power through banking in Florence, and consolidated influence by becoming Popes, Dukes, and even monarchs.
Medici
A major event under his rule was the Dissolution of the Monasteries, where he closed down and confiscated property and finances from the Catholic Church. This was after the 1534 Act of Supremacy that made him the head of the Anglican Church of England.
King Henry VIII
Denis Diderot published this, because he believed that information should be readily available for people to educate themselves in all fields of knowledge.
The Encyclopedia
Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad ibn Ilyās, William Harvey, and Andreas Vesalius made major contributions in this field; where they built on and challenged the ancient teachings of Herophilos and Galen.
Anatomy
This Northern Renaissance artist was renown for his etchings, which included a self-portrait, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, and a rhinocerus.
Albrect Durer
Puritans were a popular faction of this sect of Protestantism, who believed in Predestination and supported the establishment of theocracies.
Calvinist
Baron de Montesquieu argued that government should have this, where branches limit powers and allow them to check and balance each other to ensure one doesn't get too powerful.
Separation of Powers
The theory of humors was a medieval thought in the medicine world where people needed to balance four humors, which were all what?
Fluids
(Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm, and Blood)
In his book, "The Prince", he argued that practically, if rulers wished to maintain power, they must use any means necessary.
Niccolo Machiavelli
During this council, the church reaffirmed their doctrine and teachings of the Bible, but they did concede issues regarding corruption, simony, and absenteeism.
The Council of Trent
Cesare Beccaria was a major critic of this system, which he believed to be barbaric and outdated. His writings would have a profound impact on western European nations and the United States.
Justice/Crime/Law
Alchemy