Industrialization & Labor
Expansion of factories, railroads, and tech that created wealth and insecurity in the U.S.
What is Industrialization?
1892 platform demanding public ownership of railroads and fair land reform
What was the Omaha Platform?
Founded Tuskegee Institute and promoted industrial education for African Americans
Who is Booker T. Washington?
Southern economy still dependent on agriculture and low wages after Reconstruction
What was the New South but failed because of sharecropping?
African American women who founded organization for civil and social rights
Who was Ida B. Wells / National Association of Colored Women?
Workers in the South often trapped in debt and poverty post-Civil War
What is Sharecropping?
Election where Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan
Speech encouraging Black Americans to focus on industrial education while seeking white support
Bonus: What was W.E.B. Du Bois's critique of the Atlanta Compromise?
What was the Atlanta Compromise?
He argued it accepted segregation and postponed the fight for full equality, letting Southern whites avoid accountability
System where African Americans remained tied to landowners through debt despite formal freedom
What is Sharecropping / Tenant Farming?
Laws enforcing segregation and restricting Black voting rights
What are Jim Crow / Poll Taxes/ Literacy Tests?
Small farmers and rural laborers organized to fight low crop prices and high railroad rates
What was the Farmers Alliance?
Populists movement's term for expanding voting rights for farmers and laborers
What was the Producing Class / Populists' agenda?
Booker T Washington's autobiography, detailing his rise from slavery
What is Up from Slavery?
1879 - 1880 migration of tens of thousands of African Americans to Kansas
What was the Kansas Exodus?
What is Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896?
Movement of unemployed workers to Washington D.C. to demand jobs and public works in 1894
What was Coxey's Army?
Money tied to gold reserves, supported by Republicans and banks
What is the Gold Standard?
Critic of Booker T. Washington who argued for immediate equality and higher education for Black Americans
Who was W.E.B Du Bois?
Southern attempt to industralize while still relying on cheap Black labor
WCTU leader who promoted temperance and women's suffrage
Who is Frances Willard?
Idea advocating for silver coinage to help farmers pay debts
What is Free Silver?
Name for African Americans leaving the South for better opportunities in Kansas
What was the Kansas Exodus?
Movement encouraging African Americans to build skills and economic self-reliance rather than confront segregation directly
What was Washington's Philosophy / Industrial Education?
Why many Southern farmers supported the Populists (low crop prices and unfair railroad rates)
What is Rural Economic Hardship?
Black woman who sued a railroad company for segregation in the ladies' car and initially won (Congress later reversed this decision)
Who is Ida B. Wells?