Concepts
An early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.
What is Structuralism?
A legendary teacher-writer who authored an important 1890 psychology text. He mentored Calkins, who became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association.
Who was William James?
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
What is positive psychology?
A historically significant perspective that emphasized human growth potential.
What is Humanistic Psychology?
True or false: correlation does not prove causation.
True.
An early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
What is Functionalism?
This leading behaviorist rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.
Who was B.F. Skinner?
The study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems.
What is cognitive psychology?
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
What is Evolutionary psychology?
The group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
What is an experimental group?
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
What is Behaviorism?
Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.
Who is Wilhelm Wundt
An area of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
What is Clinical psychology?
In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
What is an independent variable?
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.
What is random assignment?
An evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation.
What is the empirical approach?
Argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies.
Who was Charles Darwin?
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
What is Counseling psychology?
In an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results.
What is a confounding variable?
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
What is a random sample?
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.
What is the nature-nurture issue?
The controversial ideas of this famed personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity’s self-understanding.
Who was Sigmund Freud?
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.
What is community psychology?
In an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated.
What is a dependent variable?
The group not exposed to the treatment.
What is a control group?