Definitions
what is nutrition? what are nutrients?
Nutrition is the science that studies the interaction between living organisms and food. Nutrients are chemical substances in food that produce energy and structure that help regulate body processes.
what are essential and non-essential nutrients?
Essential - nutrients only attained by diet, they are not produced by the body in large amounts needed
non-essential - substances in food that are not essential to life but beneficial for health
what is malnutrition? explain under and over nutrition.
malnutrition - eating too much or too little of a nutrient
undernutrition - deficiency of energy or nutrients
overnutrition - excessive intake of energy and nutrients
Epidemiology - relationship between diet, health, and disease patterns
case control studies - compares individuals with a particular condition to similar individuals without the disease
what are some reliable sources?
federal nutrition recommendations, universities, non- profit organization
what are the factors influencing a person's food choices? (hint- 6)
availability, culture, social acceptability, emotional/psychological state, health concerns, personal preference
What are fortified foods and dietary supplements?
fortified foods - addition of nutrients to food or beverage product
dietary supplements - products intended for indigestion in the diet (contains one or more vitamin, minerals, amino acids)
what are the obesity rates of adults and children in the US?
adults - 68%
children - 17%
what is a clinical trial? Control groups? Experimental groups? what is a placebo?
involves an experimental intervention where some members of the population. There are two groups... control group - does not receive the treatment, the experimental group takes the treatment. A placebo is a pill composed of sugar given to one of the groups.
explain single blind studies and double blind studies
single blinded - study participants are unaware of their roles
double blinded - the study participants and researchers are unaware of which participants are in experimental or control groups.
what are some examples of factors that influence food choices?
(specifically culture and emotional state)
CULTURE - Cultural foods, cultural holiday, religious dietary laws
EMOTIONAL STATE - comfort food, food as a reward, removal of food as a punishment, celebration, binge eating
SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE - work conferences, family dinners
What are phytochemicals and zoochemicals?
Both are non-essential nutrients
Phytochemicals - substances located in plants
zoochemicals - nutrients from animal products
what is nutritional genomics? What is personalized nutrition?
Nutritional genomics - relationship between the diet and a person's genes
Personalized nutrition is the idea that the diet is based on a person's genetic composition
what kind of study is a depletion repletion and what is a depletion repletion study?
laboratory study. its a study where the nutrient is eliminated from the diet until deficiency symptoms appear, then the nutrient is added back until the symptoms disappear
how many cals per gram do carbs, lipids, protein, and alcohol hold?
carbs/proteins = 4 cal/g
lipids = 9 cal/g
alcohol = 7 cal/g
What are some current American dietary habits?
Increase of food consumption. Humans eat more calories than we did 50 years ago. We are utilizing the use of fast foods. We are eating less as a family and spending less time in the kitchen lol
what are macronutrients and micronutrients? What are inorganic and organic molecules?
macronutrients - carbohydrates, lipids, protein, water
micronutrients - Vitamin A, B, C, D, calcium, minerals
inorganic - do not contain carbon in chemical structure (minerals, water)
organic - carbon atoms in chemical structures (carbs, lipids, protein, vitamins)
what is nutrient density?
measure of the nutrient a food provides compared to its energy content
what is a balance study?
compares the total amount of a nutrient enters the body compared to the total amount that leaves the body
what was the egg vs. oatmeal study
some people ate eggs for bfast every morning and others ate oatmeal. Egg eaters were full for a longer period of time
What are the food groups that are under consumed and over consumed by Americans? And what are the leading causes of death attributed to nutrition?
Under consumed - whole grains, legumes, fruit, vegetables, fruit, seafood, low fat dairy
Over consumed - added sugars, saturated fats
nutrient classification - 5 categories
1. energy yielding
2. macronutrients
3. micronutrients
4. inorganic
5. organic
How do you choose a healthy diet? (3 things)
1. variety
2. balance
3. moderation
pigs - their digestive tracts are similar to humans.
smaller animals - short lifespans, reproduce quickly, demonstrate the effects of nutritional change
which basketball player on the men's team is in our class?
Andre Jackson # 44