Part 1
What were some of the causes that led to the Act of Union in 1840?
Causes of the Act of Union: Political deadlock, rebellions of 1837-1838, economic challenges, and the desire for better governance and representation.
What were some of the challenges faced by the Province of Canada in achieving effective governance in the 1850s?
The Province of Canada faced difficulties due to ongoing conflicts between English-speaking and French-speaking representatives, leading to political gridlock. Tensions between Canada West and Canada East hindered cooperation and decision-making. Frequent changes in government and the formation of unstable coalition governments contributed to political uncertainty.
What were some key developments in the first phase of industrialization in Canada?
The first phase of industrialization in Canada saw the expansion of factories, particularly in urban areas, and the growth of industries such as textiles, metalworking, food processing, and machinery manufacturing. The transition to machine production and the division of labor played a crucial role in increasing productivity and efficiency.
What were the living and working conditions for men during this period?
Men often worked in industrial jobs such as factories, mines, and construction sites. They faced long working hours, low wages, and dangerous working conditions. Living conditions varied but were generally modest, with many men residing in crowded urban areas close to their workplaces.
What provinces were added to the Dominion of Canada between 1867 and 1896?
Manitoba (1870), British Columbia (1871), Prince Edward Island (1873), the Northwest Territories (1870s), and the Yukon (1898) were added to the Dominion of Canada during this period.
Who were the key members of the Alliance of Reformers, and what were their goals?
Key members of the Alliance of Reformers: Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine and Robert Baldwin. Their goals were responsible government, ending political deadlock, protecting minority rights, and achieving greater representation for the people.
What were the main reasons for the signing of the Treaty of Reciprocity between Canada and the United States in 1854?
The Treaty of Reciprocity aimed to promote economic cooperation between Canada and the United States. It established a period of free trade, reducing trade barriers and facilitating the exchange of goods, particularly natural resources like lumber, fish, and agricultural products. The treaty aimed to benefit both countries mutually.
What were the characteristics of industrial capitalism during the first phase of industrialization in Canada?
Industrial capitalism in Canada during this period was characterized by private ownership of industries and factories, driven by the profit motive. Entrepreneurs invested in industries to maximize their returns, and goods were produced for sale in the market, with prices determined by supply and demand.
What were the roles and conditions for women during this period?
Women's roles were primarily domestic, involving household chores and raising children. Some women also worked in factories or as domestic servants, often facing low wages and poor working conditions. They had limited career opportunities and faced gender-based discrimination. Living conditions for women varied, but they often lived in modest homes with their families.
How did the Métis react to the westward expansion of Canada?
The Métis, facing threats to their land and way of life, engaged in conflicts and resistance. The Red River Resistance (1869-1870) in Manitoba and the North-West Rebellion (1885) led by Louis Riel in Saskatchewan were notable instances of Métis opposition to Canadian government policies.
How did the Act of Union impact the economic relationship between the Province of Canada and Great Britain?
The Act of Union improved the economic relationship by opening up trade between the Province of Canada and Great Britain, leading to increased commerce, investments, and economic growth.
What were the causes that led to the Confederation movement in Canada?
The termination of the Treaty of Reciprocity and increasing trade barriers with the United States emphasized the need for a unified economic strategy and increased interprovincial trade. Defense concerns, triggered by the Fenian Raids and geopolitical context, highlighted the vulnerability of British North American colonies. Recurring political instability and challenges in governance also prompted the search for a more stable political system. Additionally, there was a recognition of the need to facilitate westward expansion.
How did the development of transportation networks contribute to the first phase of industrialization in eastern Canada?
The development of an extensive transportation network, including maritime and rail systems, facilitated the movement of goods in eastern Canada. Coastal shipping and maritime trade connected regions, while the construction of railways, such as the Grand Trunk Railway and Intercolonial Railway, improved transportation and boosted trade between cities and regions.
How did child labor impact working conditions during this period?
Child labor was prevalent, and children were employed in various industries. They faced exploitative working conditions, including long hours, low wages, and hazardous tasks. Access to education was often limited, as children were expected to contribute to the family's income. Child labor became a focus of reform movements advocating for improved working conditions.
What role did Catholic schools play in Canadian provinces?
In provinces like Quebec and Manitoba, separate Catholic school systems were established to accommodate the religious and educational needs of Catholic communities. Catholic schools played a significant role in the education system, providing education within a Catholic framework.
What were the principles of responsible government introduced by the Act of Union?
The principles of responsible government introduced by the Act of Union included executive accountability to the elected legislature, ministers chosen from the majority party, and collective decision-making.
Who were the key members of the Great Coalition that played a crucial role in advancing the Confederation movement?
The key members of the Great Coalition were John A. Macdonald, a prominent Canadian politician and future Prime Minister of Canada; George Brown, a leading reformer and publisher of the Globe newspaper; George-Étienne Cartier, a prominent Quebec politician and advocate for French-Canadian interests; Étienne-Paschal Taché, a Canadian statesman and advocate for Confederation; and Oliver Mowat, a lawyer and later Premier of Ontario.
In which regions did the forestry industry develop during the first phase of industrialization in Canada?
The forestry industry developed predominantly in the provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia in eastern Canada. These regions benefited from the availability of vast forest resources, leading to significant growth in the forestry sector.
What were the key developments in the workers' movement and trade unions during this period?
Workers started forming trade unions to advocate for better wages, improved working conditions, and reduced working hours. Strikes and collective action became common tools employed by workers to demand their rights and negotiate with employers. The workers' movement played a significant role in pushing for labor laws and regulations to protect workers' rights.
What changes did First Nations undergo during this period?
First Nations peoples experienced the signing of the Numbered Treaties, which involved the ceding of Indigenous lands in exchange for reserve lands and various rights and benefits. Catholic and Protestant missions operated residential schools aimed at assimilating Indigenous children into Euro-Canadian culture. The Indian Act (1876) regulated aspects of Indigenous life.
How did the Act of Union affect the status of First Nations peoples, and what reforms were proposed during that time?
The Act of Union did not directly affect the status of First Nations peoples. Proposed reforms aimed at assimilation and establishing reserves, but progress was limited. Indigenous rights and land claims were not adequately addressed during this period.
What were the major steps taken towards the creation of the Dominion of Canada?
The major steps towards the creation of the Dominion of Canada included the Charlottetown Conference (1864) where representatives from the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia discussed the idea of Confederation. The Quebec Conference (1864) followed, where delegates drafted a constitutional framework known as the 72 Resolutions. The London Conference (1866) refined the proposals and sought British approval. Finally, the British North America Act (1867) received royal assent, establishing the Dominion of Canada.
What were some changes that occurred in agriculture during the first phase of industrialization in Canada?
During this period, dairy farming saw an increase in production to meet the growing demand for milk in urban centers. Farm work was mechanized, with the introduction of agricultural machinery like steam-powered tractors and reapers. Additionally, the abolition of the seigneurial system in Quebec in 1854 allowed for more efficient land use and encouraged agricultural development.
How did the Catholic Church influence the preservation of French Canadian identity?
The Catholic Church played a crucial role in preserving the identity of French Canadians. Through Ultramontanism, the Church emphasized its authority and strengthened its influence on French Canadian society. The Church provided education, healthcare, and social services, contributing to the development of separate French-language institutions. It became a unifying force and symbol of French Canadian identity.
What were the objectives and consequences of the 1879 National Policy?
The National Policy, introduced in response to the 1873 Depression, aimed to stimulate economic growth and protect Canadian industries. It involved imposing higher customs duties, expanding the railway network, promoting immigration to Western Canada, and encouraging agricultural and industrial growth. The settlement of Western Canada resulted in increased agricultural production, urban growth, Indigenous displacement, and strengthened the Canadian economy and identity.