1.2 Overview of A&P
Human _____ is the study of the form or structure of the human body.
Anatomy
The term used for describing the body as standing upright and the feet are shoulder width apart, with the upper limps at the sides of the trunk and the head and palms facing forward.
Cranial pertains to ______.
The Skull
The anterior body cavity contains both the thoracic cavity which is superior to the abdominopelvic cavity. _____ is the dome-shaped muscle that separates those two cavities.
Diaphragm muscle
Responses/set points
The body can be divided into two regions, the _____ region, which includes the head, neck, and trunk, and the _____ region, which includes the upper and lower limbs.
Human _____ is the study of body's functions in relation to structure.
Physiology
_____ is farther away from the midline of the body or a body part.
Lateral
Nasal pertains to the _____.
The nose
Sub cavities of the dorsal body cavity are _____ and _____
Cranial cavity & Vertebral (spinal) cavity
Stimulus is sent to the _____ (brain or gland) by the nervous endocrine systems (regulates body functions).
The back of the head
List the levels of structural organization from simple to complex.
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, & organism
Superior is toward the head, while _______ is toward the tail.
Inferior
Ocular pertains to the _____.
The eye
Also known as the coronal plane, this plane divides the body or body part into anterior and posterior sections.
Frontal plane
The information that the regulated variable is outside its normal range.
Stimulus
_____ feedback loops, increases the response to a stimulus and reinforces the initial stimulus. It will eventually shut off in response to an external stimulus not part of the feedback loop.
Positive
An ____ consists of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body.
______ is closer to the midline of the body or a body part.
Medial
Otic pertains to the _____.
The _____ divides the body or body part into right and left sections.
Sagittal plane
_____ are the organ or cells that will react.
Effector
The __1__ is formed by thin sheets of tissue that surround certain organs such as the heart, lungs and many abdominable organs. The inner layer that contacts the organ is known as its __2__ layer and the outer layer that attaches to surrounding structures is called the __3__ layer.
1. Serous membrane
2. Visceral
3. Parietal
Groups of similar cells and the material outside them, called the extracellular matrix, come together to perform a common function as a _____.
Tissue
______ is closer to the surface and ______ is farther below the surface.
Superficial, deep
Frontal pertains to the _____.
The forehead
The _____ is also known as the horizontal plane/cross section which divides the body or body part into superior and inferior parts. (Also divides the appendicular region into proximal and distal parts.)
Transverse
The cellular structure, which is protein based, that registers the stimulus
Receptors
1. The pleural membrane surrounds the _____.
2. The pericardial membrane surrounds the _____.
3. The peritoneal membrane surrounds the majority of organs in the _____ cavity.
1. Lungs
2. Heart
3. Abdominopelvic
An _____ consist of two or more tissue types that combine to form a recognizable structure that performs a specialized task together.
Organ
If anterior is toward the front, what is posterior?
Toward the back
Cephalic pertains to the _____.
The head
_____ plane, also known as median plane, divides the body or body part into EQUAL right and left halves.
Midsagittal
The steps of a feedback loop in the body are:
Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, and response/set point.
Thermoregulation is a negative feedback loop that maintains the internal body temperature. When the body temperature Decreases:
__1__ - Body temperature decrease
Receptor - Thermoreceptors in the __2__ detect decreased body temp.
Control center - heat-__3__ center in __4__ receives signal
Effector - __5__ stimulate __6__ of blood vessels in skin to conserve heat
Response - Heat-promoting center stop response when body temperature returns to normal
1. Stimulus
2. Skin
3. Promoting
4. Hypothalamus
5. Neurons
6. Constriction
The protection and support organ system.
Skeletal system
Proximal is closer to the point of origin where as ______ is further from the origin of the limbs.
Distal
Buccal pertains to _____.
The cheek
_____ plane divides the body or body part into UNEQUAL right and left sections.
Parasagittal
_____ feedback loops REDUCES/REVERSES the effect of a stimulus to maintain homeostasis.
Thermoregulation is a negative feedback loop that maintains the internal body temperature. When the body temperature INCREASES:
__1__ - Body temperature increase
Receptor - Thermoreceptors in the __2__ detect increased body temp.
Control center - heat-__3__ center in __4__ receives signal
Effector - __5__ stimulate sweating & __6__ of blood vessels in skin to release heat
Response - Heat-loss center stop response when body temperature returns to normal
1. Stimulus
2. Brain
3. Loss
4. Hypothalamus
5. Neurons
6. dilation
The organ that is a component of two organ systems.
Pancreas: digestive & endocrine
Pharynx: respiratory & digestive
Anterior is to ventral as posterior is to ______.
Dorsal
Mental pertains to the _____.
The chin
Organs in the Right Upper Quadrant.
Liver, gallbladder, r-kidney, r-adrenal gland, duodenum, colon, small part of pancreas & stomach
In positive feedback, the hypothalamus is an endocrine gland that signals the posterior pituitary gland to release oxytocin. The steps of this positive feedback loop involves:
Stimulus - baby's head stretches the cervix
Receptors - the cervix receives data from the nerves
Control Center - the brain receives the information from the cervix
Effector - the uterus produces hormone oxytocin
Response - uterine contraction is stimulated by the oxytocin (effector)
In negative feedback loop, the pancreas is an endocrine gland that releases insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. What are the steps?
Stimulus - Blood glucose levels rise (after eating)
Receptors - Pancreas detects high blood sugar
Control center - Pancreas releases insulin from beta cells
Effector - Insulin signals liver to take up glucose and store it as glycogen
Response - Blood glucose levels decrease back to normal