Earth's spheres
Earth's solid and molten rocks, soil, and sediment
Geosphere
This is the only layer of Earth that scientists have been able to study directly. it is the layer that you see and feel when you go outside. The natural features of this layer include volcanoes, beaches, deserts, mountains, valleys, and many different types of rocks
Crust
The ___ is the main source of energy that drives the water cycle and moves water from place to place
sun
True or false: The rock cycle takes place in the geosphere, but it is affected by interactions with the other Earth systems
True
Carbon from the ________ enters the _______ as the trace gas carbon dioxide (CO2) during volcanic eruptions, forest fires, and the burning of fossil fuels
geosphere; atmosphere
Oceanic crust
Upper mantle
Lower mantle
Outer core
Inner core
The ______ crust is the crust that is made of dense rocks that contain iron and magnesium, called basalt, while the _________ crust is the crust on land and is less dense but more thick
Oceanic; continental
The process by which a gas changes to a liquid
Condensation
Name the following process: Mineral crystals form as magma cools slowly below Earth's surface or as lava cools quickly on Earth's surface. This process changes the molten material into igneous rock
Cooling and crystallization
Sometimes when organic matter is buried deep in the geosphere, it can form:
Fossil fuels
True or false: Clouds are a part of the atmosphere because they are made out of gases like H2O
False: They are a part of the hydrosphere because they are made of liquid water or ice
The core is separated into two layers: a _____ outer core and a _____ inner core
liquid; solid
How does evaporation
Water from Earth's surface evaporates and is carried as a gas in the atmosphere
________ is when glaciers, wind, and rain, along with the activities of some organisms, break down rocks into sediment. ______ occurs when the sediments are carried by agents of erosion - water, wind, or glaciers - to new locations
Weathering; erosion
What happens in the carbon cycle after chemical weathering of rocks moves carbon from the atmosphere and geosphere to the hydrosphere as a dissolved material?
Carbon leaves the hydrosphere and enters the geosphere when sedimentary rocks form on the ocean floor. Ocean water can warm and release dissolved CO2 directly into the atmosphere
Most of Earth's layers are made of ____ rock, but the outer core is made of _____ rock
solid; liquid
Imagine you are a geoscientist trying to answer the question: What is released into a river when rocks are broken down?
Sediment
_________ is the process by which plants release water vapor through their leaves
Transpiration
As more layers of sediment are deposited, their weight pushes down on underlying layers. Minerals dissolved in surrounding water crystallize between grains of sediment and cement the sediments together. This process produces sedimentary rocks
Compaction and cementation
Rocks exposed at Earth's surface release phosphates when they weather. The phosphates either remain in the soil or dissolve and enter the ___sphere
hydro
A volcano erupts, releasing ash into the air and sea. How might this affect the biosphere?
1) Plants and animals
2) Water contamination
3) Reduced sunlight
4) Climate effects
5) Soil enrichment (long-term effect)
6) Destruction of plant life
The rock in the lower section of the mantle is solid, but it is hotter than the rock in the upper mantle. How is this possible?
While increased temperature tends to melt rock, high pressure tends to prevent melting
True or false: Evaporation is the first step of the water cycle
False; Because the water cycle is continuous, there is no beginning or end. Water continually moves through all of Earth's systems
_________ rocks form when rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressure
Metamorphic
Plants absorb phosphorous from either soil or water. Animals take in phosphorous when they eat plants or when they eat other animals that have eaten plants. How does this phosphorous return to the soil?
As part of animal waste or as part od decomposing organisms