An Overview of Statistics
Data Classification
Design of a Statistical Study/ Data Collection
Experimental Design
Sampling Techniques
100
The collection of all outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts that are of interest.
What is a POPULATION
100

Data that consists of attributes, labels, or nonnumerical entries.

What is CATEGORICAL (OR QUALITATIVE) DATA

100

The two types of data collection discussed in our text.

Observational Study and Experiment

100
This occurs when an experimenter cannot tell the difference between the effects of different factors on the variable.
What is CONFOUNDING VARIABLE
100
The count or measure of an entire population.
What is CENSUS
200
A numerical description of a sample characteristics.
What is a STATISTIC
200
The four levels of measurement.
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
200
The type of sampling technique we almost ALWAYS want to use when conducting an observational study or experiment.

What is SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE

200

Examples of this type of error include inputting wrong data entries, using biased questions in a survey, or forming biased conclusions.

What is NONSAMPLING ERROR

200
Name 2 ways to conduct a Simple Random Sample.
Random Number Generator Pick Names from a hat Random Number Table
300

The type of significance that is achieved in a study when we get a result that is very UNLIKELY to happen by chance.

What is STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE?

300

The amount of money you have in a savings account could be zero dollars. In this case, the zero represents no money.

What is NATURAL ZERO

300
The most appropriate method of data collection: A study of how fourth graders solve a puzzle.
What is OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
300
This is used to control or minimize the placebo effect.
What is BLINDING
300
The easiest, cheapest and fastest way to sample that leads to the most biased and least representative data. This sample consists of only available members of the population.
What is CONVENIENCE SAMPLE
400

Identify the population and the sample: A survey of 1906 household in the United States found that 13% have a high definition of television.

Population: All U.S. households Sample: 1906 U.S. households surveyed.

400
Types of music played by a radio station is considered what level of measurement.
What is NOMINAL
400
A key element of this method of data collection is that a treatment is applied to part of a population and responses are observed.
What is EXPERIMENT
400

The repetition of an experiment on more than one subject.

What is REPLICATION

400
The Randomized Block Design is similar to this sampling technique.
What is STRATIFIED SAMPLE
500
Parameter or Statistic: As of January 2007, 44% of the governors of the 50 states in the United States are Republicans
Parameter
500

The difference between Interval and Ratio levels of measurement.

Interval level of measurement: can be ordered and meaningful differences between data can be calculated. A zero represents a position on a scale. Numbers can be negative. 

Ratio level of measurement: the zero entry is a natural zero, one data value can be meaningfully expressed as a multiple of another. Numbers are usually not negative.

500
Name the type of observational study. A group of 100 people with AIDS are asked about their lifestyle choices and medical history in order to study the origins of the disease.

What is RETROSPECTIVE STUDY.

500
Subjects are paired up according to a similarity. One subject in the pair is randomly selected to receive one treatment while the other subject receives a different treatment.
What is MATCHED-PAIRS DESIGN
500
Compare and contrast: Cluster Samples vs. Stratified Samples
Cluster Samples: divide the population into groups and select all the members in one or more (but not all) of the clusters. Stratified Samples: the population is divided into two or more subsets that share similar characteristics, a sample is then randomly selected from each strata.
M
e
n
u