Theorists
Proposed that human development occurs across eight stages, each marked by a key conflict or challenge. Focused on psychosocial stages of development like trust vs. mistrust. He said everyone goes through a psychological crisis.
Erik Erikson
Sections of the DNA molecule found in a persona' cell that determine his or her individual traits.
Genes
Experiences that cause tension or challenges in a person’s life.
Stressors
Steps in growth and development that follow one another in a set order.
Sequential Steps
Means to grow and feel fulfilled as a person. Highest level on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
Self-actualization
Children learn through social interaction and culture. Cognitive development is not just individual—it’s shaped by guidance from adults and collaboration with peers. Development the zone of proximal development and scaffolding.
Lev Vygotsky
Begins at conception and ends about 9 months later at birth.
Prenatal
Involves growth of the body and the development of both large and small motor skills.
Physical Development
An optimal time when a person can learn a new task.
Teachable moments
Watching children in their natural environments.
Direct Observation
This theorist said children learn by modeled behavior. Best known for his Social Learning Theory and the concept of observational learning. Believed children learn by observing and imitating others.
Albert Bandura
Begins at 3 years and ends at 6 years. Child becomes more self sufficient.
Preschool age
Incudes how people learn, what people learn, and how people express what they know through language.
Intellectual Development
Typical time when a developmental milestone occurs.
Age norms
A society that sees children as important, cares about their well being and works to meet their needs.
Child center society
Psychologist best known for Behaviorism and his work on Operant Conditioning.
Reinforcement and Punishment
B.F. Skinner
Infancy
The traits that are passed to a child from blood relatives.
Heredity
When a child performs like an older child.
Developmental acceleration
Observations by asking question of parents, teachers, or children. Observation also includes observing projects child make such as artwork or the stories children dictate or write.
Indirect Observations
Cognitive Development Theory. He believed children actively construct knowledge through experiences, moving through stages as their thinking matures. Thinks egocentrically and use symbols
Jean Piaget
Begins at 12 months and ends at 36 months (3rd birthday) Test his or her dependence on adults.
Toddler
Social-emotional development
When a child performs like a younger child.
Developmental Delay
What are Physical needs (must first have needs met before learning), Safety, Love and Acceptance, Esteem, and Self Actualization?
Hierarchy of human needs