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Ageism
process of systematic stereotyping and discrimination against older people simply on the basis of their age
the first psych nurse
also directed a school of psychiatric nursing
works with individuals, families, groups, and the community to assess mental health needs; develop diagnoses; and plan, implement, and evaluate nursing care
What is cognitive theory?
it explains how we interpret our daily lives, adapt and make changes in our thinking, and develop the insights to make those changes
What part of the brain is the "emotional brain"?
the limbic system
part of the diencephalon
Acetylcholine
controls muscles, memory, and coordination
involved in Alzheimer's
is a major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
Countertransferense
the emotional reaction by a member of the mental health team to clients based on feelings for significant people in the past
When did the surge of medication discoveries happen?
1950-1960
Psychiatric nurse practitioner
is a licensed registered nurse who has received education at a masters or doctoral level
can take a test to be able to prescribe medications (APRN exam)
What does the cognitive model help nurses to do?
Serotonin
depressive and anxiety disorders; also eating disorders and psychotic disorders
antidepressants target synapses to increase serotonin levels
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter
anti-anxiety meds increase the effects of GABA
Transference
an unconscious process of displaying feelings for significant people in the past onto the mental health team member in the present
it shifted the focus of funding and treatment away from large hospitals toward newly established community mental health centers
Maslow's Hierarchy of needs in order
Physiological needs
safety needs
love and belonging needs
esteem and recognition needs
self-actualization
What are neurotransmitters?
the chemical messengers of the nervous system
norepinephrine
mediates fight or flight
involved in depressive disorders like bipolar disorder
glutamate
excessive amounts can lead to neuron toxicity
Is mental health and mental illness something that is statis in a person's life span?
No, they can be viewed as end points on a continuum, with movement back and forth throughout life
Decade of the Brain
people started focusing on mental illness as a brain disease so more medications and treatments were discovered during this time
Who wrote the first nursing framework for psychiatric nursing and what is it
Hildegarde Peplau wrote "Interpersonal Relations in Nursing"
Pathway of neurotransmitters when a chemical message is being sent
axon of neuron #1, synapse, dendrite of neuron #2
dopamine
involved in schizophrenic disorders and ADHD
antipsychotic meds block dopamine from binding to receptors
What is the most important need of inpatient mental health patients?
Safety
What are the chances that a person will experience a mental illness?
1 in 4 Americans; 25% chance in your lifetime
Who first identified defense mechanisms and what do they help manage?
Sigmund Freud
they protect the ego from anxiety by denying, misinterpreting, and distorting reality by operating at an unconscious level
Intimacy VS Isolation
occurs in early adulthood
extends beyond sexual relations
searches for community, regularity, or unity in meaningful relationships rather than for relationships with little commitment
Generativity VS Stagnation
occurs in middle adulthood
when they reach and attain goals
lack of achievement of developmental goals leads to stagnation and self-absorption
Ego integrity VS despair
occurs in older adulthood
at peace with self; honest acceptance that life has past and has accepted their current life stage
acceptance from death, achieving identify apart from work, acceptance of bodily changes without preoccupation
The role of observation
clients are observed in terms of their behavior, affect, cognition, interpersonal relationships, and physiology