Linguistic Families
Name the linguistic family that lived mainly by hunting and fishing.
The Algonquian.
Tribes who bartered together often shared what kind of alliance?
They had a war alliance.
What was the Iroquoian way of life?
Sedentary
How did the Indigenous people react to the first encounters with European fishermen?
Indigenous people were peaceful, but they were unsure of the newcomers. They were somewhat nervous but were confident because they knew the land better than them.
How is it believed that people migrated to North America from Asia during the last ice age?
The low sea levels exposed the Bering Strait, allowing people to cross over by walking.
Name two tasks done by women and two by men in Iroquoian villages.
Women cared for children and agriculture, while men built dwellings and cleared land.
Where would you find trading posts?
Trading posts were found at a confluence.
What was the Algonquian AND Inuit way of life?
Nomadic
Why was cod fishing a good business?
Because the church imposed 150 meatless days and did not count fish as meat. People ate fish during those days, increasing demand.
Name the primary cause for European exploration in the 15th and 16th Century.
They were searching for a new route to Asia because the Turks took control of Constantinople.
In Iroquoian society, explain how knowledge was passed down and by whom. Name two characteristics of education.
The elders passed down knowledge orally through storytelling, myths, and legends. Indigenous education is characterized by freedom and no punishment.
Who did Jacques Cartier initially meet in Gaspe and have a short-term "alliance" with?
Chief Donnacona and the Stadacona Iroquois.
What kind of SOCIETY did the Iroquoians maintain?
Matrilineal society
After French and Indigenous encounters, trading fur became prominent. How did this affect Indigenous people's treatment of the environment?
Indigenous people went against their values and started exploiting their environment with an economical goal.
Who was the first Viking to discover L'Anse Aux Meadows in Newfoundland?
Leif Erikson, the son of Erik the Red.
Describe how chiefs were chosen in Algonquian and Iroquoian nations.
Men chose the Algonquian chief for his hunting and battle skills. The Iroquoian had two chiefs, the civil chief and the war chief—a council that included women appointed both.
What were the European's two best profit-making methods while in North America?
Whale hunting for meat and blubber and trading their knives for furs, which were expensive in fashion in Europe.
What type of society did the Algonquians and Inuit maintain?
Patrilineal society
What would happen to prisoners when captured during an Indigenous war?
They would be tortured by being burned alive, having their nails pulled out, and their scalp cut off. Or, they would be taken in by the deceased's family as a replacement.
Quebec
Which linguistic family's main subsistence activity consisted of farming crops, such as the three sisters, and was supplemented by hunting and gathering? And what land did they occupy?
The Iroqouians farmed and lived in the Saint-Lawrence lowlands and Great Lakes.
In 1603, who did the French ally within New France? What nations? What linguistic family? Who were the enemies?
They allied with Algonquian tribes such as the Innu, Algonquin, Malecite, Miekmaq, and Abenaki. Their enemy was the Iroquois, so the French became enemies with them too.
How did each linguistic family live, and what did they live in?
Iroquoians were sedentary and lived in long houses; Algonquians were nomadic and lived in wigwams; Inuit were nomadic and lived in Igloos.
Explain what Jacques Cartier did when he left New France the second time and what happened by the time he came back to New France during his third voyage in 1541. What happened when he came back?
He kidnapped Donnacona, his sons, and 10 other Indigenous people and brought them to France. Donnacona and the others died in France before the third voyage. When he returned to New France, he told the Stadacona Iroquois that Donnacona had died, and the others chose to remain in France. The Iroquois did not believe him, and relations between the French and Iroquois began deteriorating.
Explain how Jacques Cartier got King Francis I to fund a second voyage to New France.
Cartier brought Donnaconna's two sons to France to impress the King in hopes that he would fund a second voyage; it worked.