Atlantic Colonies
What major industry helped New Brunswick's economy because of its abundant timber?
Shipbuilding.
What language and religion were common among the majority of Canadiens in Canada East?
French and Roman Catholicism
What city became an important destination for Black Americans escaping slavery?
Toronto
What major event brought thousands of newcomers to the Pacific Coast in 1858?
The Fraser River Gold Rush
Who was Joseph Salter?
A New Brunswick shipbuilder and the first mayor of Moncton
What was the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854?
An agreement allowing tax-free trade of natural resources and agricultural products between British North America and the United States.
What was a seigneur?
A wealthy landowner who rented smaller plots of land to tenant farmers.
What was the Underground Railroad?
A network of people and safe houses that helped enslaved Black people escape to freedom
Approximately how many newcomers arrived during the Fraser River Gold Rush?
More than 30,000.
Who was Louis-Joseph Papineau?
A prominent seigneur and politician in Canada East who played an important role in the 1837 Lower Canada rebellions
Why did the United States cancel the Reciprocity Treaty in 1865?
Following the American Civil War, the United States ended the agreement and imposed heavy tariffs on goods from British North America
Why did many farming families leave Canada East?
Farmland was subdivided over generations, creating plots too small to support families, leading to debt and migration
What was the Orange Order?
An influential Protestant organization with considerable political and social power in Toronto
What is Aboriginal Title?
Legal recognition that a specific territory belongs to a specific First Nations group
Who were Harriet Tubman and Mary Ann Shadd?
Harriet Tubman helped enslaved people escape through the Underground Railroad. Mary Ann Shadd was a Black activist, educator, and newspaper founder
How did wealthy merchants keep Newfoundland fishing families in debt?
They supplied food and fishing equipment on credit and bought the families' fish catches, keeping families dependent on the merchants
What is assimilation?
The process or policy of pressuring or forcing a group to adopt another group's language, customs, and culture.
How did railways benefit farmers and manufacturers in Canada West?
They helped inland farmers transport crops to ports for export and stimulated local equipment manufacturing.
Who established British Columbia as a British colony in 1858, and why?
Governor James Douglas, to prevent an American takeover as thousands of prospectors arrived.
Who was Chief Noel Briot?
A Mi'kmaq Chief who petitioned against the sale of reserve land at Tabusintac.
Identify three economic consequences of the cancellation of the Reciprocity Treaty.
Higher tariffs on exports to the United States, loss of an important American market, and economic difficulties for industries that relied on American trade
Identify three factors that helped preserve French-Canadian culture and identity.
The Catholic Church, French language and cultural traditions, and opposition to assimilation.
Who was Thornton Blackburn, and why was he important?
A formerly enslaved Black American who escaped to freedom and established Toronto's first horse-drawn taxi service
Identify three challenges First Nations communities faced during European settlement and economic expansion
Loss or disruption of territories, pollution of fishing waters, and devastating smallpox outbreaks
Who was Dr. Karolyn Smardz Frost, and what did she discover?
An archaeologist who excavated Thornton and Lucie Blackburn's Toronto home site and recovered more than 3,000 artifacts