New Directions in Science
What is the scientific method?
Based on observation and logic.
1: Experiments and observations are made
2: Reason is used to interpret the results
3: Mathematics and reason are used to prove scientific theories.
Describe the Enlightenment.
philosophers reexamined society using the scientific method. philosophers confident that they could use reason to discover natural laws that governed human behaviour. 'Age of Reason'
What subjects did the encyclopedia emphasize the most?
philosophy, religion, the arts, literature, and government.
What was the main cause for the American Revolution?
When the seven years war came to an end, British policy toward american colonies changed. the war had been expensive and George III and his ministers felt that the american colonies should help pay for the costs of their own defence. British had to keep troops in NA to protect vast territories acquired from France.
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Corpernicus claimed that...
the earth and the planets revolved around the sun in perfect circles.
What are Thomas Hobbe's views on government?
Absolute power.
He insisted that once people entered in such a contract, they could not rebel even if they thought the ruler was a tyrant.
Which policies/reforms where implemented by Joseph II?
permitted freedom of press, banned the use of torture, and ended religious persecution.
What was the Boston Tea Party?
to express their contempt for British policies, a group of Bostonian's disguised as Indians dumped a shipment of tea into the Boston Harbour.
Who was Francois Marie Arouet?
Voltaire
What were Galileo's discoveries?
Galileo saw that the moon had a rough surface and planet Jupiter had four moons. The sun was seen as imperfect because it had dark changeable spots on its surface.
INITIALLY, scientists thought that the moon, planets and stars were all perfect, unchanging bodies. THIS IS NOT THE CASE.
What are Rousseau's views on government?
Formed ideal society where people would form a community and make contract together. NOT with ruler.
People give up some of their freedom for the ‘general will’/ decisions of majority.
Community would vote on all decisions
Formed ideal society where people would form a community and make contract together. NOT with ruler.
People give up some of their freedom for the ‘general will’/ decisions of majority.
Community would vote on all decisions
What is Diderot best known for?
published the Encyclopedia, or the Classified Dictionary of the sciences, arts, and occupations.
What was the Stamp Act?
It imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and deeds.
The Articles of confederation were later replaced by...
Constitution of the United States.
What is Newton's law of gravity?
there is a force of attraction between objects that increases as objects move closer together. His law explains that an apple falls to the ground because it is attracted to Earth's gravity.
What are Locke's views on human nature?
Thought people were reasonable and would cooperate with each other.
What are salons?
informal gatherings where writers, musicians, painters and philosophes presented their work and exchanged ideas.
held by wealthy women
What is the Declaration of Independence? When was it signed?
defiant document drafted mostly by Thomas Jefferson and issued in 1776. It was first signed on July 4th.
What was the nickname for the Americans who supported becoming independent from Britain?
Patritots
Name TWO improvements in medicine during the scientific revolution.
Pare developped an ointment that could be applied on wounds instead of boiling oil.
Pare developed technique for closing wounds with stiches.
Harvey showed that teh ehart acted as a pump to circulate blood through veins and ateries.
Vesalisu made accurate drawings of the human anatomy that corrected some previous errors.
Paracelsus produced distilled liquids that he used as medicine.
What are Hobbe's views on human nature?
If people were left alone, they would constantly fight among themselves.
Claimed life without laws or government would be nasty, brutish, and short.
Who is Mozart?
Mozart was a child genius who began composing before the age of five. He died when he was 35 years old but had already written more than 600 musical works, including symphonies, operas, and church music.
During the American Revolution, the colonist benefited from which three advantages?
they were patritos fighting on their own territory for their families and homes.
Although British held the cities, they could retreat into the countryside and reappear to ambush the british.
found brilliant military leader in George Washington. He was able to unite the colonies in their common cause.
What caused the American Revolution? Describe the developments in the relationship between Britain and the colonies.
new taxes to pay off British debts
Stamp Act
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
Advantages/disadvantages of revolution/war