Graph Types
can compare any set of quantities measured in the same units, for categorical data
What is a bar graph?
between two variables if specific values of one variable tend to occur in common with the specific values of the others
What is association?
observations that are outside the overall pattern of a distribution
What is Outliers?
if the left and right sides of the graph which shows the distribution is roughly or approximately mirror images of each other
What is Systematic?
displays individual values on a number line
What is a dotplot?
One categorical variable in the two-way table of counts is the distribution of values and variables among all individuals described by the table
What is Marginal Distribution?
add the values of the observations and divide by the number of observations, how large each observation in the data set would be if the total amount was split equally among all the observations
What is Mean?
real-world setting, organize many problems using four steps including state, plan, do, and conclude
What is a Statistical Problem?
separates each observation into a stem and one-digit leaf
What is a stemplot?
a variable which describes the values of that variable along other individuals who have a specific value of a different variable, separate for each value of the other variable
What is Conditional Distribution?
The midpoint of a distribution, the amount which half the observations are smaller and the other half are larger
What is Median?
dot plots which have a single peak
What is Unimodal?
the counts or frequencies or percents or relative frequencies of values in equal-width classes, for quantitative data
What is a histogram graph?
distribution is skewed to the right if the right side of the graph which is the half which is observed to have the larger values is longer then the left side, this works the other way with the left side instead of the right side as well, the skews side is the side with the longer tail not the larger cluster
What is Skewed Distribution?
call an observation an outlier if it falls more than 1.5 x IQR below the first quartile or above the third quartile
What is 1.5 x IQR rule for outliers?
dot plots which have two peaks
What is Biomodal?
based on five-number summary, used for comparing distributions, box spans the quartiles and shows spread of the central half of the distribution, median is marked within the box, lines extend from box to smallest and largest observations which are not outliers, outliers get plotted as their own point
What is a boxplot?
Association between two variables which holds for each individual value of a third variable which can be changed or even reversed when the data for all values of the third variable are combined together, this reversal process is the paradox itself
What is Simpson Paradox Box?
has the minimum observation, the first quartile, the median (describes center), the third quartile, and the maximum observation which is written in this order, quartile show spread
What is a Five-number Summary?
these counts organize data about two categorical variables, often used in order to summarize large amounts of information by grouping outcomes into categories
What is a Two-way Table?