Trade/Towns
Large markets that attracted traders from all over the world and often lasted several weeks. These reopened Europe to the outside world and spurred change.
What is the vernacular?
common spoken language
Who was the most powerful pope in medieval history?
Pope Innocent III
Which monarch had absolute power, England's or France's
France's monarch, because the Estates General did not have power of the purse
Which type of cathedral has thin walls, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and stain glass windows?
Gothic
Where did the first prominent medieval merchants come from?
Italy
What two major English universities were founded in the Middle Ages?
Oxford (1096) and Cambridge (1209)
How did King Phillip IV get away with defying Pope Boniface VIII's Unam Sanctum?
The church had declined in power as people nationalism increased and people valued their kings over the pope. People were also more educated and wealthy and relied less on the church, which was increasingly corrupt.
Who won England's War of the Roses?
Henry Tudor, later Henry VII
What is a nation-state?
a sovereign state whose citizens share the same culture and are conscious of it. Cultural boundaries match political boundaries.
What was the role of moneychangers?
What is scholasticism?
a way of studying theology academically using reason and philosophy, not just revelation.
Name the three papal weapons used to keep Kings and political leaders in line.
Excommunication, Interdict, and Inquisition
Who created the first English Parliament? What are the parts of parliament?
Edward I, the House of Commons and the House of Lords
What is Dante's Inferno and his Divine Comedy?
In the inferno he tells of a journey through the levels of hell. The overall work discusses heaven, hell, and purgatory and how a person redeems themselves from the circles of hell.
What led to the rise of the "middle class" in Europe, and what was this class?
Merchants and traders had economic freedom, so they were not tied to manors like a serf, but also not part of the noble class. They moved into towns together, given a charter by their feudal lord. Their social rank was based on money and goods, not landholdings.
What led to the revival of learning in the Middle Ages?
1. Economic conditions were better, making education easier to attain. 2. Trade exposed Europe to the Middle East and all the writings of the Greek and Roman philosophers preserved there. 3. As governments and towns expanded, more education was needed for the middle class to conduct business and law.
Who emerged as the sole pope after the Council of Constance?
Martin V
How is Germany the exception to the nation-state trend in Europe?
Even though they had an emperor, the German nobles held all the power and worked to keep it that way, instead of moving toward a more powerful king that everyone was loyal to.
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
Ferdinand and Isabella got permission from the pope to appoint inquisitors to hold special courts and root out Muslims and Jews in Spain. This was meant to make the country religiously homogeneous and strengthen the monarchy. The courts later also attacked Christians who went against the Catholic Church. It was notoriously brutal and based on hearsay.
How did you become a master within a guild?
A journeyman, or skilled laborer, would have to have years of experience and money to open a shop. He also had to pass an oral exam, present a master piece, and take an oath of conduct to the guild.
What was Aquinas's greatest contribution to scholasticism?
Reconciling pagan wisdom with theology; opening up the mind of the church to outside science and knowledge etc.
What was the Babylonian Captivity of the church and how did it happen?
After Philip IV taxed the French clergy and arrested a bishop and refused to release him, Boniface VIII issued the Unam Sanctum. This was ignored by Philip, who took the pope captive. He was beaten and later died. Philip forced the appointment of a French pope, and moved the seat of the papacy to Avignon. The following French popes were puppets of the king.
What were the causes of the Hundred Years War?
France wanted the French territory that was controlled by England, the French monarch tried to take over Flanders, which would have hampered England's wool trade, and the English King Edward III tried to claim the french throne since he was the nephew of the last three French kings.
When did the Great Scism end?
1418 with the conclusion of the Council of Constance