Antibiotics 1
This class of abx does not readily pass through the BBB. It does pass through placental membranes and into milk and can achieve high concentrations in U+.
Cephalosporins
cephazolin, cephalexin, ceftiofur, cefpoxime, cefovecin
It is a very powerful group that is unable to move via passive diffusion. It is inactivated by the presence of pus. (purulent material)
This group is known for its potential to cause nephro and/or ototoxicity
aminoglycosides
gentamycin, amikacin, neomycin,
Enrofloxacin (Baytril) and others of this family of drugs are bacteriocidal. They prevent bacterial DNA replication through inhibition of DNA gyrase.
They are good for respiratory, U+ and skin infections. These drugs do not disrupt mammalian cell function and are considered reasonably safe. What drug class is this?
Fluoroquinolones (or Quinolones)
has the suffix "-floxacin"
These antibiotics have many similarities to penicillins making them a poor choice if the C & S comes back showing resistance to penicillins.
Cephalosporins share many similarities with penicillins.
Give an example of a superficial mycosis
ringworm
this is a superficial fungal infection
Aplastic anemia has been reported in humans when this drug is involved. This is a reason that this is banned for use in food animals.
chloramphenicol
This tetracycline is commonly used in treating lyme disease and wolbachia bacteria found in the heart worms
Typically doxycycline but could also be tetracycline if needed.
This is commonly used for giardia infections amongst other protozoa of the large bowel. Neurologic disorders have been reported with long term use or high/overdosing. This typically reverses when the drug is no longer administered.
Metronidazole (flagyl)
This may be used synergistically with amphotericin B in antifungal shampoos
flucytosine
This drug is in the imidazole family, it is the prototype of this group. May cause canine teratogenicity and is sometimes used to control the effects of Cushing's disease caused by adrenal tumors.
ketoconazole
Like aminoglycosides this class of drugs is not effective in anaerobic environments.
Fluoroquinolones (quinolones)
enrofloxacin (Baytril), marbofloxacin (Zeniquin), orbifloxacin (Orbax), difloxacin (Dicural), pradofloxacin (Veraflox), danofloxacin (Advocin), ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin
This family of drugs is often used as penicillin substitutes for those with allergies.
They are good for gram (+) respiratory infections and one of them is also effective against mycoplasma
Macrolides
Include: erythromycin, azithromycin (Zithromax), tilmicosin (Micotil), tylosin (Tylan), tulathromycin (Draxxin), tilmicosin (Micotil)
Azithromycin = effective against mycoplasma
This class of antibiotics also has antiinflammatory properties. They are commonly potentiated but may be used alone too.
Sulfonamides
sulfadimethoxide (Albon), sufladiazine (Tribrissen), sulfamethoxazole (Septra, Bactrim), sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
Potentiated Sulfas: sulfadiazine + trimethoprim = (Tribrissen), sulfadimethoxine + ormetoprim = (Primor)
These drugs are known for their excellent penetration of tissues including the prostate, globe of eye and CNS.
They are effective against Rickettsia and can disrupt mitochondrial function in bone marrow cells of mammals.
Chloramphenicol & Florfenicol
Name as many deep or systemic mycoses as you can!
histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, candidiasis, sporotrichosis and aspergillosis
This drug is effective against anaerobes making it effective against deep pyoderma, abscesses, dental infections, bite wounds and osteomyelitis.
It is contraindicated in animals who rely on fermentation for part of their digestion. (rabbits, hamsters, chinchillas, guinea pigs, horses and small ruminants.)
Clindamycin
This belongs in the lincosamide family of drugs
There are "older" tetracyclines and "newer" tetracyclines.
One class is hydrophilic with the other being lipophilic AND one class has a better chance of causing tooth discoloration in young animals. Can you name which are which???
Older class (oxytetracycline, tetracycline) – hydrophilic - more likely to cause tooth discoloration
Newer class (doxycycline, minocycline) – more lipophilic -
There are 5 generations of this drug, but only 2 are used in vet med.
Which two generations are used? Which generation is regularly selected for initial empiric treatment due to broad spectrum activity?
Cephalosporins
Generations 1 and 3 and generation 3 is commonly selected for empiric treatment.
This is an antiparasitic that has the inaccurate reputation of being an effective drug to use for ringworm infestations
lufenuron
This is found in Sentinel antiparasitic chews
This is a potent antifungal, is has a rapid onset of activity of 1-2 hours. It is usually administered IV and may cause nephrotoxicity. This is used for deep mycoses, what drug is it?
Amphotericin-B
This drug is typically administered topically or in ophthalmic preparations to prevent potent nephrotoxic effects.
bacitracin
Commonly used in combination with neomycin (aminoglycoside) or polymyxin B. Also a component of Triple Antibiotic Ointment
This drug is FATAL to horses, swine, primates and humans if injected IV.
It is also very irritating if injected IM.
Tilmicosin
A macrolide drug
Many MRSA Staphylococcus bacteria have developed a pump that removes this class of drugs:
However they are effective against Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas and commonly used in reptiles where these bacteria may be commonly found.
Quinolones (Fluoroquinolones)
enrofloxacin (Baytril), marbofloxacin (Zeniquin), orbifloxacin (Orbax), difloxacin (Dicural), pradofloxacin (Veraflox), danofloxacin (Advocin), ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin
This is an antifungal drug that is only used in topical applications due to its potent nephrotoxic properties.
nystatin
Often included with topical antibiotic and corticosteroid ointment
MOA: Similar to Amphotericin B
Very nephrotoxic
This is typically administered systemically. It comes as a micronized or ultramicronized powder which assists in transport into the fungal cell (active transport). It is also used in nail fungus diseases because it can incorporate itself into the keratin.
griseofulvin