The Commercial Revolution
These were the three venues where the Commercial Revolution took place.
Markets, fairs, and permanent centers
This is who won the “battle” over the investing of high church officials in the HRE.
The pope
This is ONE reason why someone might go on crusade.
Following his lord; to visit the Holy Lands/make a pilgrimage; to earn the forgiveness of one’s sins; to gain land and plunder; to gain glory and fame
This is the man who became the first Norman king of England.
William the Conqueror
These were the two groups targeted by Crusaders.
Muslims and Jews
This is when fairs took place.
Once a year
Laity means this.
All Christians who were not part of the clergy.
These warrior monks protected Christian pilgrims to the Holy Lands and also created an early banking system.
Knights Templar
This is what prompted the Norman conquest of England.
The English king Edward the Confessor died without an heir.
“Clerical celibacy” means this.
Clergy not engaging in sexual relations
This was a trade organization that controlled product quality and cost.
Guild
This was the new sacrament added under Pope Gregory VII.
Marriage
Name ONE reason that may explain why Pope Urban II called for a crusade.
He wanted to fulfill the Peace of God; he wanted to gain control of the Holy Lands; he wanted to become a powerful military leader
This was the name of the manuscript record of the census that was ordered under the new Norman king of England.
The Domesday Book
This was the “largest church in Christendom.”
The monastery at Cluny
These are the TWO ways Jews contributed to the Commercial Revolution.
Serving as moneylenders and traders
This is the buying and selling of church offices.
Simony
This was the most important result of the First Crusade.
The establishment of the Crusader states
Name ONE result of the Norman conquest of England.
A mixture of the French language with the Anglo-Saxon language; the spread of feudalism in England; the deaths of ⅕ of all English people
This word means “systematic persecution of Jews.”
Pogrom
This is ONE effect of the Commercial Revolution.
Towns grew haphazardly without any planning; Towns constructed specialized buildings for trade and government; Charitable houses for the poor and sick were also built; New roads were created to link the country with markets in the city; Medieval industries, like the production of wool, became very organized and specialized; Guilds developed to control prices and products; Entrepreneurs pooled their resources to invest in new industries and new business ventures; Financial partnerships were created for both short-term and long-term business ventures; A money economy developed and coins were minted; As a money economy developed, rulers began to control mines and mints; People began lending money (and charging interest); The Church banned usury; New agricultural tools were developed to produce higher yields; Surplus crops were sold at market.
This is the practice of a lay official installing clerics into their offices.
Lay investiture
This was the most important difference between the First Crusade and the Second Crusade.
The Second Crusade was led by monarchs and their armies
This was the name of the tapestry that tells the story of the Norman conquest.
The Bayeux Tapestry
These were the two new monastic orders created during the Gregorian reforms.
Carthusians and Cistercians